The CWI examination includes question on basic metallurgy, but the bulk of the questions relate to ferrous metallurgy. Familiarity of the various heat treatments used to alter the properties of the ferrous metals is also important. The reasons why ferrous metals are preheated, how tempering affects hardened steels, why stress relief may be required, and the differences between preheat, stress relief, normalizing, and annealing must be understood. The candidate must also understand how and why steels are quenched and what the resultant properties are.
Basic stuff, but not well understood be many people involved in welding.
ASM has several good books available on the subject. Metallurgy for the Nonmetallurgist is a good book to read. There is a good book that might be found on Amazon that is out of print written by Doty and Stout. I would check my titles and spelling of the author's names if I could find them in this mess I call an office. For that I apologize, but I think there are a number of good sources of information available from AWS and ASM to satisfy your needs for additional information on the subject of metallurgy.
Best regards - Al