Aging mechanisms in aluminum or other metal alloys do indeed follow a distinct Arrhenius relationship between time and temperature, similar to a "C" curve behavior. In this case nucleation of precipitates and growth of precipitates are competing mechanisms. The strength level is established based on the size and distribution of precipitates. At lower temperatures nucleation rate is favored over growth so more time is necessary to achieve the same level of strength, whereas at higher temperatures growth rate is favored over nucleation rate so less time is required to achieve the same level of strength.
To answer your second question, there is information on the internet under key words like “age hardening of aluminum alloys” that might provide general information. If you have access to any college books on Materials Science/Engineering, this could be of help in explaining the precipitation hardening mechanism and dependency on time and temperature. I could direct you to metallurgical engineering text books, but I doubt that you would have these references handy. I also doubt that you will find any specific data that would answer your question.
Your last option is to run your own basic laboratory experiments regarding time and temperature for aging of a heat treatable aluminum alloy like 6061. You can vary the time and temperature and plot the hardness of the aluminum alloy. This would allow you to establish your own correlations.
