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It is now called AREMA.

I had a slide rule back in about 1973. Never did learn how to use it. Thank goodness that pocket calculators came on the market about the same time that I entered university. But I think I had to pay about $600. for my first calculator!!

Do I detect some canadian-engineer criticism above. Having reviewed many designs by both US and Canadian engineers I have found sub-standard designs originating from both countries. In Toronto and Montreal the major problem is poor maintenance of reinforced concrete structures deteriorating...

If you do end up going with custom bolts, you could reduce the required head and nut size by coutersinking them both, if the existing steel thicknesses will allow.

try HNTB Corp cage

Might be able to figure it out if we knew the units of measure for t, d and L. Seems like t and d will be the same value. cage

If you use engagement length at least equal to the thickness of the applicable std nut, which presumably has been designed with adequate thickness.

After Corn's comment about "wanting to see it erected", it got me to thinking about how few times I have witnessed erection of my designs (actually 0 in 28 years!!!). Do others have the same problem that they can never afford to get out of the office?

Even if the beams were not designed as composite, it may be that support is required because lateral support (of the deck) has been removed.

I agree with voyage, timber crib would be the way to go.

I don't see why the lateral support requirements are any different for vertical vs battered piles. Both are subject to axial load and probably flexure. cage

The life of a dynamically loaded structure will be influenced by the load cycles to which it is subjected, regardless of its age. cage

What you are describing is what is called a culvert. Consult a culvert design manual.

Significant overstress is normally only allowed for temporary construction or occasional loads.

I would design the jam to span between floor and ceiling and reinforce floor and ceiling to suit.

In regions subject to snowfall, the curved top flange serves to reduce the impact from snowplow blades. Where the top flange is not curved, it is advisable to construct snowplow deflectors on the abutments. cage

Ask HNTB Eng in Kansas City. They design bascule spans.

By "relative stiffness of the members" I think that they mean "relative stiffness of the substructures. i.e a tall slender pier would provide less resistance to longitudinal force than a short stubby pier.

I agree with jfman. Its a definite no-no for beams subjected to repetitive loadings. Will drastically reduce<br> allowable stresses.<br> <br> cage