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  1. Tremolo

    Flow Coefficient Kva (valves)

    Zoon, I usually see the flow coefficient for a valve represented by the symbol Cv, so I googled Kvs and found a decent link: http://www.eurotherm.com/products/valves/size_water.htm This link states that Kvs is the metric equivalent of Cv. Specifically, the link states that Kvs is the flow...
  2. Tremolo

    Use of Manning equation when a pipe runs full

    BigInch: Thanks for the link. I downloaded the spreadsheet and am looking at it. dicksewrrat: I have to double check, but I thought the culvert was corrugated steel pipe. The Ohio Dept of Transportation (ODOT) culvert design manual suggests n=.024 for 24" type A corrugated steel pipe. The...
  3. Tremolo

    Use of Manning equation when a pipe runs full

    Our concern is whether or not a 21” culvert will have sufficient capacity to prevent flooding of nearby property. I was trying to verify an engineering calculation and put together a bounding scenario for maximum culvert capacity, as follows: 1. Storm water flows freely through an open ditch...
  4. Tremolo

    Use of Manning equation when a pipe runs full

    Thank you.
  5. Tremolo

    Use of Manning equation when a pipe runs full

    Can the Manning equation be used for case where a pipe is running full of water? For example, in open channel flow where the channel flow runs through a culvert pipe, if the conditions are such that the culvert pipe is running full, can the Manning equation still be used? Are there any...
  6. Tremolo

    Heat Flow to ground

    A model presented at the following web site: http://soilphysics.okstate.edu/toolkit/temperature/index0.html will show the soil temperature variation as a function of depth. According to the model, the soil temperature is essentially constant beyond depths of 10 feet at a value equal to the...
  7. Tremolo

    Cause of water hammer in a trap header?

    kirsner, Yes, the waterhammer occurs following pump initiation. The system operator tried a new procedure that involved throttling of a flow control valve to reduce the pumped flow rate. The pumped flow was reduced to 170 gpm into the 8” trap header. Even with this procedure in place, strong...
  8. Tremolo

    Hammer in Condensate System

    hndler, Yes it is possible that condensation of steam on the colder water will cause a significant waterhammer event. There is a long and well documented history of condensation-induced waterhammer events. Although there are several classifications of condensation-induced waterhamemr events...
  9. Tremolo

    Cause of water hammer in a trap header?

    Katmar, Based on what you said, the following scenario may be the source of steam. Condensate from the steam traps flows into the trap header because the steam line is at a higher pressure than the trap header. Presumably, the condensate is at the saturation temperature of the higher pressure...
  10. Tremolo

    Cause of water hammer in a trap header?

    25362, Thank you for the web site links. They have been very helpful. Tremolo
  11. Tremolo

    Cause of water hammer in a trap header?

    To all: Here’s an update on our situation. Unfortunately, during the last outage, the tests we had planned could not be performed. We were going to take temperature measurements along the pipe to see if there were any hot areas which could correspond to saturated fluid conditions. However...
  12. Tremolo

    Hammer in Condensate System

    Katmar, Unfortunately, during the last outage, the tests we had planned could not be performed. We were going to take temperature measurements along the pipe to see if there were any hot areas which could correspond to saturated fluid conditions. However, this would have required the removal...
  13. Tremolo

    Hammer in Condensate System

    hndler, Your problem sounds similar to one we are having. See thread378-104974 for more details. Tremolo
  14. Tremolo

    Temperature Increase in Pipeline

    gator1991, I performed a heat transfer calculation using 2.5 W/m2/C as suggested by 25362. My result: a heat flux of 13.8 W/m2 (nearly identical to 25362), or 16.8 W/m (17.5 Btu/hr/ft; 1048 Btu/hr over the 60 foot pipe length). So, over the length of the 60 ft pipe, there would very little...
  15. Tremolo

    heat transfer coefficient - backwards

    heaterguy, Natural convection has a heating/cooling dependence which itself is dependent on the orientation of the metal surface. I believe I can give you an answer if you can tell me whether the heater surface is vertical or horizontal. Same for the metal block (or perhaps the block has a...
  16. Tremolo

    heat transfer coefficient - backwards

    heaterguy, Good question. Generally, the heat transfer coefficient will be different whether the metal is being heated or cooled. To illustrate this dependence, consider one of the most well-known correlations for heat transfer: the Dittus-Boelter equation. This equation is: hd/k =...
  17. Tremolo

    Underground Piping Software

    gator1991, We have developed pipe flow software that will calculate the pipe and fluid temperatures along the length of the pipe for either steady state or transient flows. The software couples transient fluid flow equations and pipe wall transient conduction/convection models. So we can...
  18. Tremolo

    Convert from Mass Flow Rate to Volum Flow Rate?

    Leave it to a bunch of engineers to take a simple question and make it complicated. If you look at Alph's answer, you’ll notice that no additional information was required beyond Monica's initial question. TREMOLO
  19. Tremolo

    Pipe Forces due to Flow

    meca, Since you said that the pipe moves when the "pipe has experienced sudden increases in flow rate," it also sounds like you are experiencing a temporary force imbalance due to transient flow. Typically, for steady state flow, the force acting on a 90-degree elbow can be characterized as...
  20. Tremolo

    How Much do Reactors Weigh?

    SparWeb, The 90 kW/kg is based on fuel weight, only. The efficiencies are based on the thermodynamic cycle and safety margin. TREMOLO.

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