This question is difficult to answer in this forum, but here goes. A good geotechnical exploration should include subsurface exploration (adequate number of borings or soundings), laboratory testing, and engineering analysis of the data followed by report writing. As part of the field exploration, the engineer should visit the site to document vegetation, surface drainage, topography, etc. Soil samples should be classified by a geotechnical engineer. Represenative samples should then be tested in the lab to help determine shear strength and compressibility characteristics. Foundation analyses (bearing capacity and settlement, at least) can then be performed. The last part is documentation of the findings in a written report. FHWA has a Soils and Foundations Manual (FHWA HI-88-009) that is available for free (see their website), which outlines recommended exploration procdeures. Any of the available geotechnical textbooks (Das, Kovacs, Bowles, etc.) also have chapters on this subject, but may not be up to date. ASFE (Association of Soil and Foundation Engineers) also has good information on subsurface explorations and legal matters.