You can open the .odb in Abaqus/Viewer and use Tools -> Query -> Probe Values to extract field output from individual nodes. This option allows you to select nodes/elements in the viewport or key in node/element numbers. This is only really viable if you have a small number of nodes/elements that you're interested in.
If you want toe extract output from multiple nodes/elements, you can use Report -> Field Output in Abaqus/Viewer. This allows you to report field output (like stresses/strains etc.) to a text file that's saved in the working directory. Results are written for whatever nodes/elements are currently visible in the viewport. Ideally, you would have your nodes/elements that you're interested in saved in specific node/element sets for this purpose.
This is all described in the manual:
Abaqus/CAE Users Guide: Part V: Viewing Results