First look at a diaphragm type quick exhaust valve. Larger ones are available a baghouse pulser valves. If they will not meet your needs, then read the following below.
The fastest thing that you will find is a pyrovalve, which are used in some aerospace applications. It is a stricly 1 shot device. Essentially, it is a rupture disk in a special holder that has a small explosive charge next to the disk. By triggering the the explosive electrically, the disk is burst in milliseconds. Many of the major rupture disk manufacturers also make these. All are custom designs.
Something nearly as fast is to use 2 rupture disks in series, where each has a burst pressure ~60% of the resevoir pressure. The inner space between the disks is is pressurized to 50% of the resevoir pressure. When the inner space is vented, both rupture disks quickly fail sequentially. You can assemble this using standard rupture disks and piping components. This setup is used on shock tubes which are used to study gas dynamics problems.
