There may be some hopeful standards, but there is virtually no consistent complicance with any of them. I've been down this road many times, so pardon my cynicism.
You want "standards"? Try these:
ANSI Y32.9, American National Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical Wiring and Layout Diagrams Used in Architecture and Building Construction. (I believe this has be deprecated.)
ANSI/IEEE Std 260.3™, American National Standard for Mathematical Signs and Symbols for Use in Physical Sciences and Technology.
ANSI/IEEE Std 260.4™, American National Standard Letter Symbols and Abbreviations for Quantities Used in Acoustics.
IEEE Std 91™, IEEE Standard Graphic Symbols for Logic Functions.5,6
IEEE Std 260.1™, American National Standard Letter Symbols for Units of Measurement (SI Units, Customary Inch-Pound Units, and Certain Other Units).
IEEE Std 280™, IEEE Standard Letter Symbols for Quantities Used in Electrical Science and Electrical Engineering
IEEE Std 315™, IEEE Standard Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronics Diagrams (Including Reference Designation Letters).
IEEE Std 945™, IEEE Recommended Practice for Preferred Metric Units for Use in Electrical and Electronics Science and Technology.
IEEE Std 991™, IEEE Standard for Logic Circuit Diagrams.
IEEE/ASTM SI 10, American National Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System.
ANSI/NECA 100-1999, Symbols for Electrical Construction Drawing