Please help us understand what is short. Do the panels fit in the beams on all three sides but one corner does not reach the node cover? Do two sides fit the beams and the third side is parallel to its beam but is short by some distance (how much)? If one side of a triangle changes length and the other two sides remain the same, then two angles will change and in the case of a dome, only one edge will fit on its beam.
Is this a large dome with 8 pie segments?
Are there only 8 of these triangles on the whole dome?
What has the manufacturer told you?
Is the material 0.050" thick 3003-H16?
Are the edges of the panels step-bent ( send a picture or diagram )?
You can certainly MIG weld 0.050" thick aluminum - we weld about 1,400 feet every day in our shops. But, it takes good setup, careful control and allowance for expansion and shrinkage, proper equipment, etc. We also TIG weld similar materials but I would not recommend it for a number of reasons.
Not the least of your problems is how your modified panel will meet the API standard for the design loads of 60 psf uniform and 250 pound concentrated not to mention the clause "G.4.2.3.1 Roof panels shall be of one-piece aluminum sheet" and if your customer will accept the repairs.