By components, are you asking about accessory components, or components internal to an engine?
Turbine engines experience all sorts of different types of forces. Heat would be a main player and is measured in a variety of ways and places in the engine, the most common being exhaust gas temperature or turbne inlet temperature (EGT and TIT). Speed, measured in percentage of rated RPM, is another. Pressure, sometimes measured as engine performance ratio (EPR).
There are many more, but the point is that each engine is designed with limits in these areas, that if exceeded will damage internal components of the engine. Each engine has its own design limits.
During an engines lifetime, it is going to wear. As it wears, there will be a reduction in performance. This is detected through performance monitioring tools and procedures. In addition to this, oil and filter analysis is performed to detect internal bearing, gear and seal wear. Borescope inspections are performed to detect ingestion and erosion damage. Engine management uses engine cycles, times and operating environment to determine when an engine comes off the wing.
All of the above mentioned items would be examples of engine wear and loads on a generic gas turbine engine.