This constants apply to salient pole synchronous machines.
Direct Axis, normally coincides whith the radial plane of symmetry of the field pole.
Quadrature axis, normally coinciding with the radial plane midway betwen adjacent poles.
Xd- Direct-axis Synchronous Reactance the ratio of fundamental A.C. armature Voltage to A.C. armature current produced by the direct-axis flux.
Xq- Quadrature-axis Synchronous Reactance the ratio of fundamental A.C. armature Voltage to A.C. armature current produced by the quadrature-axis flux.
For a specific machine; request those parameters from the manufacturer. If you want to get those by test follow the procedures by IEEE Std 115.