It's oxidized motor oil. Very common and harmless as long
as the thickness doesn't continue to grow. Depending on
where it is and the temperature where it formed, it may be
called either varnish, lacquer or sludge. Its solubility
will vary. (it's very similar in chemical composition to
many paints) It's a result of not changing the oil on a
regular basis, or using the incorrect grade of oil, or
overheating the oil.
For the most part it is insoluble in any motor oil. Using
a sufficient concentration of solvent (like paint thinner)
to dissolve it would reduce the film strength of your motor
oil and possibly do other engine damage.
In short, if it bothers you enough, you'll have to take
the engine apart and clean it off by scraping, with a
strong solvent, in a heated caustic soda bath, by bead
blasting, or some other means.
If you ignore it, most likely, it will need no further
attention until you decide to rebuild the engine. Just
continue doing your regular maintenance. If you don't
continue your regular maintenance the film will continue to
build, especially in your oil pan where it will collect and
eventually block the inlet to the oil pump. No further
comment necessary.
Chumley