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When designing something in the real world it needs to work under all design conditions. All temperatures therefore apply but you don't have to do the entire calculation for all possible design conditions if you take short cuts. Looking at the design equations you can tell which temperature...

The backpressure valve will vary the pressure loss across the valve such that the upstream pressure is maintained at the set point. If you set for 10 psig and the pressure loss downstream is only 5 psi then it will close just enough to produce 5 psi pressure loss so to maintain the 10 psig set...

I would use the temperature that gives the largest diameter.

You will need to consider both for different design reasons. If you are looking at piping stress then you will need to consider the maximum and minimum temperatures of operation of a piping system to determine the thermal expansion stress range. If you are looking at the maximum velocity in...

I think he assume you have some knowledge about waste water treatment systems.

I believe the pressure in the hot water pipe would be about 50 psig max if it was just a hot water recirculation system? Any fluid escaping will be liquid water on the inside of the pipe and flash to part water/part steam as it passes through the pipe opening. At the smallest cross-sectional...

Using centrifugal pump I believe you can use a backpressure regulator placed at the very end of the line and set as low as necessary to get enough backpressure to keep it on the curve at lower flows say 2 to 4 psig. This will then add to the 12 psi friction loss at the higher flow.

The allowable stress as mentioned is set at approximately on 0.6 times or 2/3 of the yield stress. If you hydrotest at 1.5 times allowable you are testing at: 1.5 time 0.6 times the yield strength = 0.9 times the yield strength.

Consider use of positive displacement pumps attached. I believe that they are basically same application.

I designed as total for conservative. I'm still holding a concern that the bottom part of pipe will buckle if they put a dummy support at the very bottom. I never designed such a long vertical drop before so I would be very conservative. I don't know how long but you may be talking about 1000...

My understanding of how a backpressure regulator works is that you set it for a given pressure to be maintained on the upstream side. So if you set it for 10 psig it will try to maintain this pressure on the upstream side. If the pressure downstream is lower than 10 psi say 5 psi at a given...

Here are pages from Caesar seminar manual that discusses hanger supports:

In Caesar II the hanger would be modeled as an Y-Rod support. This is a vertical support that allows for swinging motion when moved horizontally. Search internet for: How to model rigid hanger supports with Caesar II.

I believe the issue is that as a hanger moves horizontally it also moves up due to the swing angle. At some point the angle is great enough such that the hanger is able to exert a large horizontal force due to horizontal component of tension in the hanger rod at the same time the pipe needs to...

Option 1 The weight of the contents will be transferred to the pipe at the bottom elbow pushing down vertically, plus weight of pipe will be total design weight for the hanger. I don't see any issue with letting pipe hang from a single hanger above with lateral bracing along the pipe as you...

I found a digital copy of the Grinnell manual on their website attached. It discusses the design of hanger systems including how to handle horizontal movements in supported piping.

I think that if I remember correctly a hanger is considered to be able to swing a certain amount of degrees before it locks. I have an old Grinell manual hard copy that goes into a discussion on this situation. I need to look for it and make a copy and will post later.

Attached are some references I have for GRP/FRP piping design. It has been years since I did actual calculations using Caesar so I forgot most of how I performed them, but the attached may help.

I would size the orifice for two to three times the actual desired flowrate with a globe throttle valve downstream to tweak the flow to what you really need. The entire system piping would be designed for the maximum operating pressure of the upstream system. I agree with Kumar about the...

The attached is a study of converging fittings that puts coefficients into equation form which may be what you are looking for. This is referred to in the also attached McGill Duct design Guide page A-66. "The negative loss coefficients of certain fittings are derived from experimental data...