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marcusmcgee, we are also looking at RO. We can prabably concentrate up to 20% via RO but still need to get to about 50% for our process to work. Do you have any other suggestions?

nbucska, we are going to use couterncurrent washing, however, we need the caustic at a specific concentration, which means that we still have to concentrate up (therefore the figures given above). Thanks for the help anyway.

I am looking for worldclass benchmark figures for scrubber eficiencies. Where can I find something like this?

We are looking at installing a new process. However, this process requiress the use of large quantities of NaOH solution. Once we have treated our product with the caustic soda, the soda is washed out resulting in a NaOH solution of 5.5% As a result of using large quantities of NaOH, it will...

One of my junior colleagues asked the following question: As discussed, I need some info on edductors (they sometimes called steam ejectors). As part of my project I have to determine the efficiency of the edductors and determine possible ways of increasing their efficiency, but there's no much...

Oh Cricky. Well. there's very little room to move between a K=1.7 and K=2.3...would I be too far out if I interpolated?

Hi Tremolo I'm looking for the k values for friction loss thru' expansion bellows for a 150mm and 200 mm ID pipe. Please could you help. Will try to get a hold of this handy reference

I suggest you contact Intergraph - they should have a "contact us" on their website. If not, you can contact Eugene Bakker at ebakker@intergraph.co.za. I only have South African contact details, but he might be able to assist.

I've used Excel before. It is sufficient for PFDs and as EGT01 said, it provides a basis for the calculations as well. However, I don't know of any freeware available. I would suggest using something like Smartplant. It is expensive, but can be used for all flow sheets. It is available from...

We have developed a standard at our company for P&IDs using ISO, ANSI/ISA and the SSG (Pulp & Paper) standards as a basis. I receveived a couple of comments regarding OPC's: On the off-page connector arrows for primary and secondary lines, do you say "From pump no....." or "From tank...

Carf, thanks. Similar was suggested by our instrumentation guys.

Thanks for the help. CARF, only when I thought about the loop numbering did I also wonder about the SIC. It is a level controller as you rightfully said, however, how do I indicate that the pump actually has a variable speed drive?

What would form part of one single control loop? I have level in a tank that speeds up or slows down feed pumps on low and high level. The same tank level will also close a feed valve (on/off valve with limit switches) on high high level. Would the level transmitter and associated level...

I would also suggest conductivity measurement. We use it at our plants and have less trouble with it. I would still suggest two meters. If you had three pH meters, it was probably so for safety reasons. A backup is therefore always good.

Graybeard, You are the first person that understands the difficulty we have in the pulp and paper industry. Plant engineers think nothing applies to them. They have not yet experienced the advantage of P&IDs and therefore think it is just another paperwork excercise. Regards Procman

What would typically be reflected on an EFD?

A "scroll" type is a long strip. The height of the document is usually an A4 or letter size drawing, but it has unlimited length (Therefore being called a scroll). The sheet type is a standard sheet such as A0, A1, A3 or for those Americans under you 11 x 17" etc.

Thanks for the valuable info! I fully agree with you guys on what should be on a P&ID. However, the argument of the instrument guys in some of our plants are, "We have A FDS (Functional Design Specification) and loop diagrams as well as interlock diagrams. Why do you want to duplicate info?"...

Thanks guys. I fully agree with what all of you have said. However, you gave me enough info to support my point of view but not to convince the other engineers to change! I will have to refer to the SSG standards in our new standards as these are used by most of the consultants we use (being...

Can someone please give me a definition of a control loop as shown on a P&ID? What is included in a control loop. Should interlocks be shown on P&IDs? Interlocks for a paper machine for example are quite complicated and it is the general feel that it should therefore not be shown. Interlocks...