Outfall Pipe Orientation

[JGov]

Is there any literature that supports the notion that a pipe conveying stormwater outfalling to a water body must be oriented perpendicular to the body of water? This seems to be common practice, but I am seeking explicit design guidelines that state an outfall pipe and appurtenant structures (i.e. endwall) should not be oriented at an angle as it terminates to the water body, which in the specific case I am working with is tidal. Angling a pipe against the flow of the water body would possibly cause maintenance issues with debris collecting at the outfall, so is this more of a maintenance issue than a design one?

 

[nackra]

https://www.publications.usace.army.../u43544q/64657369676E/?udt_43544_param_page=2

you could check USACE manuals for your specifics.
I have connected to storm drain systems that discharged into SF Bay with tide gates. The gravity head would overcome the head from the varying tides to discharge.

 

[cvg]

none that I know of, but it is much easier to construct and cheaper to make it perpendicular to the channel banks. tide-flex valve or a flapgate are probably recommended. its your choice, and the design should be balanced with hydraulic, sedimentation, debris collection and other maintenance concerns.

 

[chicopee]

I don't have specific guideline, however, if you discharge pipe has to be orientated, have the intake of the pipe perpendicular, then some distance away, either a manhole or an elbow can then be connected to the orientated pipe.