BOD is typically calculated over a 5-day period (BOD5)
This is the simple calculation:
BOD5 = (DOi - DOf)/P
DOi = Initial dissolved oxygen
DOf = Finial dissolved oxygen
P = dilution factor = volume of wastewater/(volume of wastewater + dilution water)
I would imagine a laboratory would use a seeded test to make sure there is an adequate bacterial population to carry out the biodegradation.