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I use CSC Orion, a very powerful analysis design and drafting programme specifically for RC building structures. It provides a unique central 2D/3D modelling environment from which automatic analysis, design and drafting is derived for the engineer. Have a look of it!!

An existing some 30 years old 7 storey RC framed hotel has been suffering of spalling of concrete caused by corrosion of reinforcement due to sea sand was used as the fine aggregate and carbonation. Previously an Engineer was called to look at the case, he ordered several core tests to be done...

This is my first design of Building with lift.It is a 7 storey RC framed building. The lift is to be housed in a RC framed structure. What are the loadings transferred from the lift installation (hoist, motor, car.........????)? Since the passenger car moves, the dynamic effect is to be...

With reference to Cl. 3.5.1 of BS 5950-1:2000, an "Internal" elements are attached to other elements on both longitudinal edges whereas "Outstand" elements are attached to an adjacent element at one edge only, the other edge being free. I reckon that both the top and bottom flanges of a lipped...

csd, I couldn't find the bridging details as brought up by hokie66!! hokie66, can u find any website for any proprietary bridging details being used in Australia? Thanks!!!

Hi Hokie66, Can u please give me the website where I can look at the proprietary bridging proudct. Thank you!!

TQ Hokie66 for your response. If I read and understand corrctly, according to your practice in Australia, the top flange is considered adequtely restrained but however the bottom flange which will be in compression under wind suction is to be restrained by other mean. We normally use sag rod.

Any expert please advise, in accordance with BS 5950-1:2000, whether purlins supporting ordinary metal roofing sheets is considered adequately restrained to its compression flange so that no lateral torsional buckling check is required. Thank you!!

Contribution from Practising Engineers from Australia on this subject will be very much appreciated. Thank you!

Yes,as pointed out by Peter Smart that this term is being used in Australia and has been quoted in their guidlines and manual but I can't find its definition. Most Australia Council's Guidlines or Manual quote for the PSD and SSR for outlet with HED or without HED respectively. By virtue of its...

How do you define HED? Can you help to give me examples and sketches/drawings. Any refernce to read up this topics? What are the advantages using HED and when should we use them? Your advice shall be very much appreciated

csd72, It is a continuous beam satisfying the code limit of the slenderness for beam.

Hi UcfSE, I use BS 8110 but searching for other codes or reference on the subject matter irrespective of whatever practices or countries. Thank you!

Dear All, In this case , I am not considering using alternative such fibre reinforced concrete nor bent up bars. In ohter words, we shall end up with inadequate cover for using 2 bar approcah and not sure how it would perform by using one bar. Taro has raised interesting points based on ACI...

Hi StructuralEIT, Yes, we have been pratising putting 2 smaller bars and stirrup for 5"-6" beams though very tight but still manageable with due care and proper vibration of concrete. But we end up with little concrete cover then we would face with durability problem. By using one single larger...

Hi MarcbSE, Yes, I agree that the concrete beam performs better against cracking with more smaller bars rather than fewer larger bars.e.g. I expect that theer would be carck if we provide only one main bar for say 12"(300mm) width beam. In fact I am referring to more specific narrow beam with...

Hi StructuralEIT, Physically and practically, there is no problem to provide with one bar of the same or larger area and no problem for providing adequate anchorgae or lap length. Of course if one main bar is used then we also provide one hanger bar for the stirrups. Similarly, rectangular...

For a rectagular reinforced concrete beam, what are the reasons that normally we provide 2 main bars? Can we just use only one main bar with the same area and any danger? Thank you! Regards Richard

csd72, yes we can go back to ask our lecturer but we have left school long time ago. Sorry that I don't agree with you that this is not the right place to ask this sort of question. Well I get my problem answered and many thanks to all of you.

rb1957, I am referring to the steel Section plastic modulus. Thank you StructuralEIT for your input, do you mean that the neutral axis for elastic modulus is based on linear triangular stress block with only the outer layer at full stress whereas the plastic modulus is based on full...