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Is it absolutely necessary to use softened water in cooling towers? What is the maximum hardness of water that may be used as cooling tower water?

What type of painting system do you recommend for an Alcohol Storage Tank located in a seashore of a tropical country? The tank is made from carbon plate A36.

How do we size the vent of a water storage tank to prevent overpressure during filling and vacuum during discharging? The aboveground storage tank has a a capacity of 1000 cubic meters.

Can somebody please tell me the advantage (or disadvantage) of using STUD BOLTS over Hexagonal Head Bolts for jointing flanges. Would you know any website that I can read regarding this matter.

You will need to install a steam trap at the outlet of the heat exchanger.

You may try Piping Estimate Manual by Herkimer. It is a very comprehensive reference on piping estimations.

I am talking of an alcohol distillery, fermentation and blending plant. Flash point is 13 degree celsius. We need to provide a fire protection system. But what type of fire protection shopuld we install (foam, water cooling, etc.)?

Thanks to all, your comments are well taken and are certainly helpful.

For my current project, I need to know if I can do away with a center column because our operation people thinks that it might provide problems in maintenance. Our tank diameter is 15 meters and tank content is domestic water. I need to show reference standards to convince end user to accept...

I am trying to find API 650 requirements regarding arrangement of center columns, rafters and girders for given tank diameters. If API is silent on this, can somebody point a website where I can find one.

No, you should not fit a larger burner. The furnace volume is fixed and was designed to accomodate the heat release rate of the existing burner. Simply to say, If you fit in a larger burner the furnace volume will not be correct anymore.

Can I know what type of fire protection system should we provide to protect liquor storage and blending tanks? Do you know of specific websites that I can visit to learn more about this matter?

Thanks everybody specially to IRSTUFF, I now believe that "CV Code Valves" refer to ASME Code probably ASME B16.34. The initials CV could be "Common Valve". Olmedo

BigInch and IRstuff, Thanks again. Actually it is in that LANL website were I encountered "CV Code Valves" but I do not know where it refers to. Can you help me out with this? Olmedo

Thanks BigInch, "CV code valves" is supposedly an "approved standard" for valves. I have searched the internet for it but did not find it. It could be in relation with ASME B31.3 as the piping system is in accordance with it. Olmedo

Can someone please tell me what CV code valves mean?

Thanks Zapster, but what do you mean by the word "utilidors". Sorry my knowledge of english is limited.

We are installing a 450 meters long 12" diameter steam line at 10 bars, is it normal to use multiple expansion bellows instead of expansion loops due to space limitations?

Our wastewater treatment is located more several meters away from the factory. If we maintain the usual slope of the sewer to comply with the flow velocity requirements, the sewer pipe would be around six meters deep approaching the treatment plant. How can we avoid this without using a lifting...

Thanks Messrs. Hydrae and DMcGrath,your answers confirmed what I thought I should do. But now what should be the emitter coefficient do you suggest I should use to model an open pipe?