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Is there a standard conversion for calculating equivalent lumens in terms of wattage of different types of lighting, particularly Metal Halide, to that of LED light?

Thanks jghrist... original design of the system (when the area was developed some 30+ yrs ago) was that transformers & feeders are sized according to the calculated expected load with consideration of the lot areas to be used.. however, as users materialized, they are applying more than what...

I am a T&D planning engineer for an electric utility. I am doing bench marking/ cross referencing involving different utility practice for planning distribution facilities. From my previous experience, our subtransmission system (115 kV) is looped while our distribution system (34.5 kV or 13.8...

Is there a standard requirement for determining the quantity of back-up fuel required in a power plant? We are planning to build a 500 MW STG plant that will run on HFO380 as main fuel with ALCO as back-up. We have identified the fuel requirement per day to be about 3500 m3 per day and planned...

Thanks Scotty.. But that set-up was already ruled out. Most of our existing GTGs rated 60MW are having that kind of set-up and is connected to the 115 kV bus. However, since these units are relatively bigger, it is to be connected individually to the 380 kV bus. But economics have it that only...

Our existing generation is connected to a main 115 kV swithcyard (1 1/2 breaker scheme). The same 115 kV switchyard is connected to 2-ITT upstream to 380 KV switchyard (1 1/2 breaker) where 2 inter-tie line connects our system to a much bigger system. We are planning to put up an expansion...

Dear All, Is there a standard that shows the recommended flow rate for HFO-380 in a pipeline? CK

Thank you Mr. Marmite...I really wanted to only get a general answer/impression at first given this general scenario...and thanks for the reply. Now to go to some specifics, Mr. Waross...the 100 MW limitation was identified based on stability studies considering many different scenarios...

Consider having a power system with generating capacity of about 1000MW and peak load of about 700 MW. COnsider it interlinked into a bigger system with. Power system studies identified the limit of power transfer (import/export) to be about 100MW. If there is a plan to install additional...

I understand that frequency has a negative effect on insulation materials. The higher the frequency the lower the dielectric strength of the insulation material. How does this theory affect a transformer bushing especially if it is made up of SiR outer sheds? Would the total dielectric...

Good day! I'd like to know how does frequency affect the long term performance of a transformer bushing. Our system is 60hz but we have a polymer transformer bushing which is apparently rated 50hz. Is the effect significant? CK

I understand that damage of over current to the transformer depends on both the magnitude and extent of time. However, what I am thinking is why most specifications do not implicitly state the magnitude of the fault current that the transformer could withstand. I understand also that the C57...

I'd like to know why is it not usual for power transformers to be specified with short circuit rating. Our specification includes only the short circuit withstand capability which is normally the 2s duration of the short circuit symmetrical current available from the transformer which is...

davidbeach CDM is some sort of an agreed vehicle wherein several developed countries who have committed in the Kyoto Protocol to reduce their GHG emissions could either invest in a project that intends to reduce GHG emissions or buy carbon credits from other developing countries and use those...

Good day! Anyone who has an idea on possible projects a distribution utility may pursue for Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)? ck

Thanks prc...did you mean that the 15kV insulation level is enough to withstand the transferred surges in a 115kV/34.5kV/13.8 kV YG-YG-D powerXF? from your last post, I understand that this transferred surge occurs only when the XF is being tested, is that correct? what test produce this...

Good day! For a 115kV/34.5k/13.8 kV 3-wdg power XFs, what should be the minimum insulation level of the 13.8 kV wdg if: a. Unloaded tertiary, with no leads taken out b. Tertiary shall be loaded, either via station service or capacitor for system improvement. Note that tertiary is not corner...

I've read a technical article indicating the allowable Short term flicker severity should be 1.0 and the long term flicker severity should be 0.8. Short term is measured over 10 minutes while long term is suppose to be derived from 2 hours of the short term flicker. Does this 1.0 and 0.8...

Could anyone please direct me to what standard (e.g. IEEE, IEC, etc.) does the reactive power is defined? Better if anyone could give the "exact, word for word" definition of Reactive Power as stated by the any of these standard definitions.

thanks dpc... our 3P padmounted XF have 1P fusing with gang operation capability...although we cannot discount the probability of one/two fuse blowing out which could then lead to 1p/2P tripping or switching...if we use our pole mounted DTs as station XF, 1P fusing is the only option...either...