I have this formula from ACI 318-02 for the basic concrete breakout strength Nb = k*(fc^0.5)*(hef^1.5). I am thinking how this formula will led to a result in unit of force (kip)?
This question arises when I tried to use this formula as a reference to double check the concrete breakout strength...
This might be a discussed question in this forum but I really have problem understanding the effective length so please forgive me for asking :)
I am confused by how to define translation restraint for columns. Does this restraint need to be directly on column ends or can I rely beams that...
