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  1. waqasmalik

    Highest Cooling rate ( Centre of the weld or Fusion Line)

    Thanx for comments GTAW and ironic metallurgist. What i know is this. Once the weld pool is formed then solidification occurs in the back half of the pool, opposite to the direction of welding. New crystals will appear on the fusion boundary which is all along in a shape of moon...Not full...
  2. waqasmalik

    Highest Cooling rate ( Centre of the weld or Fusion Line)

    Here is another snapshot from sindo kou book. https://files.engineering.com/getfile.aspx?folder=14f7f5c2-42c2-440f-83fb-87a41856c545&file=Dendrite_arm_spacing..._Reference_from_Sindo_Kou_welding_metallurgy_book.png
  3. waqasmalik

    Highest Cooling rate ( Centre of the weld or Fusion Line)

    I was reading a research article, then the welding metallurgy book by sindo kou. That why i asked because according to my understanding, i found disparity. Please find attached herewith snapshot of research...
  4. waqasmalik

    Highest Cooling rate ( Centre of the weld or Fusion Line)

    Thanx for response Edstainless. I learned and understood from the book this way. Lets say G is temperature gradient and R is the growth rate of solid liquid interface. According to Welding metallurgy book by Sindo Kou, GR defines the cooling rate. At the fusion line, G is maximum but R is...
  5. waqasmalik

    Highest Cooling rate ( Centre of the weld or Fusion Line)

    Hello all. Hope this post finds you well. My question is about general trend of cooling rate observed in welding. Which area of fusion zone experiences highest cooling rate? Weld centre or Fusion line at the end of fusion zone? Thanks all in advance. Best regards.
  6. waqasmalik

    Constitutive supercooling

    Hello Magben. I f you dont mind i have another question regarding this topic. The figure in the same book quotes that "if the actual temperature gradient in the liquid is greater than liqiudus temperature then planar growth is stable" Why the word growth is there, if the actual temperature...
  7. waqasmalik

    Constitutive supercooling

    Great. Thankyou Magben. I understand now.
  8. waqasmalik

    Constitutive supercooling

    Thanx for your response Magben. Agreed that higher value of G/R is required for stable planar growth. Higher value of G and lower value of R will give us higher value of G/R. This is true if we do not consider the other side of equation as given below. G/R= ΔT/D. About this formula author...
  9. waqasmalik

    Constitutive supercooling

    Here is the formula. The text in above and in this image is from Welding metallurgy by Sindo kou. The confusion is that if we look at G/R criteria individualy then Ofcourse, for stable planar growth, G should be high and R should be low which leads to higher value of G/R. Confusion is when we...
  10. waqasmalik

    Constitutive supercooling

    Thanx for responses. Please find attached the mathematical relationship for the temperature gradient which establishes the criteria for the stabillity of planar growth. https://files.engineering.com/getfile.aspx?folder=445a3a34-9670-453c-93b0-784d3b059f80&file=sindokou.JPG
  11. waqasmalik

    Constitutive supercooling

    Hello all. Hope this text finds you all well. I am new to this forum and like to ask question about a matreials concept related to constitutive supercooling. Literature says that this theorey is responsible for explaining the development of different microstuctures during welding or casting...

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