...calculation software and formulas at www.thermomegatech.com, which they use to size freeze protection valves. For future reference...
GPM = [A1*A2*(0.5*Tw-Ta+16)]/[40.1*d^2*(Tw-32)]
GPM = gallons per minute of water flow
A1 = Transverse internal area of pipe, ft^2 (Crane410, Navco, etc)
A2...