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  1. SandorR

    Multi-tiered braced frame design to AISC 341 - notional load

    Hello all. I am studying the requirements for Ordinary and Special Concentrically Braced Frames from AISC 341-22. Section F4c(g) states that in MTBF frame, at each tier level a notional load of 0.006 times the compression load contributed by the compression or tension brace intersecting the...
  2. SandorR

    Interaction check according to EC3 6.3.3

    Hello all! Eurocode 3, part 6.3.3(4) gives an interaction formula to check the utilization of a member under combined bending moment and axial force. Clause 1 states: "(1) Unless second order analysis is carried out using the imperfections as given in 5.3.2, the stability of uniform members...
  3. SandorR

    Why is the Whitney stress block not used in composite structures?

    Hello! Here is a picture from Eurocode 4 of stress distributions in concrete and steel assumed for design of composite structures subjected to bending and axial force: The picture illustrates the stress distributions based on neutral axis in a composite member, used to compute the simplified...
  4. SandorR

    Question on purpose of minimum shear reinforcement in RC beams

    Hello all, I have some material from a textbook that explains the purpose of providing minimum shear reinforcement to concrete beams. The textbook says: "The minimum shear reinforcement is provided for the following: (i) Any sudden failure of beams is prevented if concrete cover bursts and...
  5. SandorR

    How is loss of bond taken into account when designing concrete beam in ULS?

    When designing a concrete beam in the ultimate limit state, a free body diagram is drawn where concrete compression forces are represented as a stress block and reinforcement tensile stresses as a point load. Example picture can be found on this website...
  6. SandorR

    Plastic distribution of forces in an end plate connection

    Hello, I am reading the book SCI P358 Green book - Simple steel connections. On page 84 - Recommended detailing practice on end plate connections, it is mentioned that the end plate should not be thicker than: t_p < (d / 1.9) * SQRT(f_ub / f_yp) where d is the diameter of the bolt hole, f_ub...
  7. SandorR

    Bearing resistance on fin plate connection

    Hello, I am reading the book SCI P358 Green book Simple connections. On page 117, formula for the fin plate resistance for bolt bearing on beam web is given as: V_Rd = n / SQRT( (1 + alpha * n) / F_b,ver ) ^ 2 + (beta * n / F_b,hor) ^ 2) ) where n is the number of bolts, and F_b,ver and...
  8. SandorR

    Calculating internal forces using elastic analysis, but using plasticity for resistance

    EN 1993-1-1, clause 5.4.2(2) states: "Internal forces and moments may be calculated according to elastic global analysis even if the resistance of a cross section is based on its plastic resistance, see 6.2." We can use elastic global analysis to compute our loads on structural components, but...
  9. SandorR

    Lateral-torsional stability of rectangular members

    Hello! I am studying basic design of timber members to Eurocode 5. Section 6.3.3 gives the basic equation for the critical bending stress of members, considering lateral-torsional buckling: sigma_m,crit = pi * sqrt(E * I_z * G * I_tor) / (L_eff * W_y) (eqn 6.31) where E is the elastic...
  10. SandorR

    Rotational stiffness of hollow section connections in Eurocode

    Hello! I'm interested in how trusses built from hollow sections are designed to Eurocode. The final chapter of Eurocode 3 (steel connections) gives formulae how to calculate the axial resistance of connections between CHS and RHS sections, but does not give information on how to calculate their...
  11. SandorR

    What is meant by &quot;reference period&quot; in Eurocode reliability calculations?

    Hello! Eurocode 0 gives the following table for reliability indices in reliability classes: Eurocode 0, table B2, page 90. The minimum value for reliability index Beta depends on the reliability class, but also on the "reference period". What is meant by this? For example, reference periods...
  12. SandorR

    Eurocode and angled wind

    Eurocode part 1-4 on wind loads gives the force coefficients to calculate the total force on a building from wind pressure. Figure 7.23 gives the force coefficients for a building with a rectangular cross section. These coefficients are for a wind blowing in normal angle to the face of the...
  13. SandorR

    Two methods for calculating factor mu_2 in Eurocode snowloads

    Hello! I'm learning how to calculate snow loads per Eurocode. In calculating, two factors are introduced: mu_1 and mu_2. Mu_1 is a factor relating the characteristic snow load to design value based on the slope angle of the roof. Its values are given in a graph: The graph also gives values...
  14. SandorR

    Results from numerical methods vs. structural codes

    BAretired, So I cannot simply calculate characteristic values of the wind loads in a software like Autodesk Robot and use those if they give me less conservative values than calculating exactly by the codes? I wonder what is done when the architectural design of the building is something very...
  15. SandorR

    Results from numerical methods vs. structural codes

    Hello! I'm studying structural design, to Eurocodes in particular. I was reading the section on calculating wind loads on structures. The analysis provided by the codes simply calculates the wind dynamic pressure from wind speed and multiplies it by pressure coefficients depending on the...
  16. SandorR

    Eurocode: Checking for local buckling in cross section classification vs from buckling curves

    Hello all! I'm currently learning how to check steel columns against buckling according to Eurocode. To do this, we first have to classify our cross section. It is done by checking the outstand flanges for local buckling from this chart: If the cross section belongs to classes 1-3, it means...
  17. SandorR

    Factor alpha in cross section classification according to Eurocode

    Hello all! Above table is from Eurocode. According to the table, the stress distribution in a flange of a beam can be negative in part of the flange when the part is subject to bending and compression. Why is this? If we have a beam that is compressed and bent at the same time, shouldn't the...

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