The oxide film on Titanium naturally occurs. It is about 12 to 16 Angstroms thick immediately after being pickled. It grows to about 50 Angstroms in 70 days. 100 Angstoms in a couple years. The film growth is accelerated by strong oxidizing conditions or heating in air. Too much heat can...
Tantalum does not have to be expensive. Most designs that utilize it's properties well put the final pricing about the same as impregnated graphite. How much pressure drop do you have to work with? How long do you want the exchanger to last? I can give you quick budget pricing with more...
