These days, there is a trend to use special restrained joints at change in direction in an otherwise rubber-ring jointed underground pipeline, to mobilise the friction between an adequate length of pipe and soil to counteract the thrust. I knew of a case where a twin 1800mm dia steel pipeline...
I am also one of those civil engineers who pours concrete to make thrust blocks for unrestrained rubber-ring jointed pipes.
Please explain how you can afford not to at change in direction of the fluid flow.
