Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
(OP)
A friend of mine in Sweden tells me that studded tires in cities are reported to bring up to the atmosphere asphalt dust of some type that is causing illnesses and deaths. Can someone explain the situation in engineering terms so that engineers elsewhere might benefit from the information. Currently the ban on studded tires in USA states is due to the wear on the pavements, as I understand it, not health effects.





RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
I've been told Colorado cities have to sweep their streets after every snowstorm, because tires grind the sand into enough fine particulates to violate air quality standards. I can see studded tires having a similar effect, but I'd expect it to be smaller.
NY's winter-only restriction on studded tires are for road wear reasons.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
But as you say - it seems to be a Swedish thing to report . . .:
http://www.itm.su.se/documents/poster/Meister_Post...
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/40950286/ns/health-heart...
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Hydrology, Drainage Analysis, Flood Studies, and Complex Stormwater Litigation for Atlanta and the South East - http://www.campbellcivil.com
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
In Sweden, about 20 percent of the 100,000 km national road network consists of gravel roads (Vägverket, 2005a). In total, the Swedish gravel road network is roughly estimated to be 300,000 km, or about 75 percent of the total road network (Enkell, 2003). A considerable problem on these roads is dust generation from vehicle passage, most commonly observed as a dust cloud behind vehicles
travelling on the road.
Most particle measurements have focused on particulate matter of sizes up to 10 μm in diameter (PM10) because of the health hazard posed by these particles in the atmosphere (Addo and Sanders, 1995). Gottschalk (1994) reports that PM10 can be retained in the human respiratory system. Increased PM10 concentrations, regardless of particle composition, have through several medical studies been shown to increase the mortality rate from heart and lung diseases (Gustafsson, 2005). Particle pollution has been linked to decreased lung function, aggravated asthma, development of chronic bronchitis, and irregular heartbeat (Kuennen, 2006). Concerns have been raised whether the maximum allowed concentration of particulate matter (PM10), according to the European Council Directive 1999/30/EC, is violated in the vicinity of a gravel road, which could create a threat to inhabitants of buildings adjacent to the road.
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:309927/...
As if this is not bad enough, it has been postulated that the studded tires traveling on stone mastic asphalt are forming particulates smaller even than PM10, nano particulate. There are 1000 nanometers in a micron.
http://www.itm.su.se/documents/poster/TyreStuds.pd...
Airborne particulate matter varies widely in its physical and chemical composition, source and particle size. PM10 particles (the fraction of particulates in air of very small size (<10 µm)) and PM2.5 particles (<2.5 µm) are of major current concern, as they are small enough to penetrate deep into the lungs and so potentially pose significant health risks. Larger particles meanwhile, are not readily inhaled, and are removed relatively efficiently from the air by sedimentation. The principal source of airborne PM10 and PM2.5 matter in European cities is road traffic emissions, particularly from diesel vehicles. The limit values are very often exceeded in European cities.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Let's eliminate the studded tires completely and kill more people quicker because THEY SLIDE OFF OF THE PAVED ROADS IN THE SNOW!
This is part of the agenda-driven political-funding-academic-research-in-search-of-more-academic-research-dollars ....
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
My understanding is that they banned studded tires in MN & WI because of the pavement rutting they were causing. At that time, we were just starting to worry about smoking as a health issue, so what did we know about health, and airborne particles causing health problems. Today, we have become so litigious that we’ll sue anyone over anything; witness eastern states buying cheap electric power from western states and then suing them for running coal fired power plants, with their smoke blowing east. And, with our improved testing and sampling methods I don’t doubt that we might find some petro-chemical dust particles (from asphalt) in the air. For the most part, the studs grind the pavement into a very fine dust, I’m sure, and this can become airborne.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Now I hear the co-founder of The Weather channel says global warming is a myth. Says polar ice is even thicker than before. Where does this end?
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Much is due to improvements and types of tires and to the auto suspension, drives and better tread patterns, which eliminates the need/expense/trouble for a separate set of winter tires or heaven forbid, chains. The only chains seen here are leftovers from a western traveler that was required to carry chains for a mountain pass.
Even in the 1960's, chains were a novelty item that people used to try to drive though impassibly block roads. Now, improved snow removal methods and pretreatment have eliminated surprises. Fortunately, we have a a lot of cold clear weather before and immediately after a snow and the sun does a great job letting the roads "freeze dry" using the transpiration of the solid(ice) to vapor without melting and running very much.
I do own 2-4WD vehicles that I religiously put into auto 4WD, 4 wheel high and 4 wheel low once a year to make sure they work if ever needed. - They were bought to be able to pull a boat and trailer out of a lake or river, but normally not needed even for that.
Personally, I do not see the road abrasion of any possible studs to be a major problem today. There will always be a few paranoid people that feel the need for studs or chains, but the effects are minimal
Dick
Engineer and international traveler interested in construction techniques, problems and proper design.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Read more at http://www.snopes.com/politics/science/coleman.asp...
Speaking of parrots, you can probably obtain better information on climate change than what Coleman is saying by visiting the local pet shop and listening to an actual parrot.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Rather critical of Mr Coleman, eh? Are government paid catastro-physicists spending government money on salaries and research and retirement only trustworthy when they demand policies that will raise government taxes by 1.3 trillion a year?
OK. Tell me again why we have have no measured increase in global average temperatures for 18 years now, despite a steady increase in CO2 ....
Tell me why global average temperatures increased at the same rate as the 20 year period 1976 - 1996 between 1915 and 1935 when CO2 was at much lower levels than today?
Tell me again why temperatures were warmer around the year 1100 AD than now, but then cooled for 500 years into 1650, then warmed for 450 years between 1650 and 2000?
Tell me again which global circulation models are accurate now - just 8 years after they were last "calibrated" but are already all out of their 2 sigma prediction range?
Tell just what weather events are more extreme today, compared to the past.
Tell me why we should kill millions worldwide to control CO2, when increasing CO2 is only beneficial, and when increasing CO2 levels will not change future global average temeprature changes.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Richard A. Cornelius, P.E.
WWW.amlinereast.com
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
"At WLS, Coleman was teamed with Fahey Flynn, Joel Daly and Bill Frink to form the Eyewitness News team, creating a news brand name and establishing a highly successful new local news format derisively dubbed "happy talk" by a local television columnist.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coleman_(news_we...)
You can't be serious regarding your comments about climate change? Do a search about climate change and answer your own questions. I am casting my vote with the 97% of climate scientists that agree there is climate change.
http://climate.nasa.gov/scientific-consensus/
http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/indicators/
If you have more information available to you, you might contact Neil DeGrasse Tyson or Christopher Keating. Each of these guys is offering $10,000 if you can prove that climate change is a hoax.
One finally thought. Think of the US government as an insurance company with a standing army. If you take away the health insurance aspects and military/DOD sectors, the rest of the government expenses are nil. The little that is spent on climate change is not going to break your bank.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Is the earth gradually warming at the current time? Yup. Can we do anything to stop it? Probably not as it has been fluctuating for hundreds of millions of years and nothing is stopping the earth from deciding tomorrow to start declining into the next ice age. People need to look at the macro scale as well as the micro.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Don't hear too many Swedes complaining. I guess it is because they have:
Health and Sickness
1. subsidized doctor care mainly in county clinics
2. free public hospital treatment
3. subsidized dental care; free for children
4. subsidized prescription drugs; life-saving drugs free
5. free abortions and sterilizations
6. free maternity clinics for prenatal care
7. cash benefits to compensate for loss of most wages due to sickness; a separate benefit is available for workers injured on the job
Family Support
8. tax-free monthly payment to parents for each child; single parents receive an additional payment for each child
9. parents have a right to take a total of 12 months paid leave from work at near full wages to care for each child up to first year in school
10. subsidized child care at home or in a government day-care center
11. one year at a subsidized nursery school
12. unemployment insurance pays about 80 percent of previous income
Pensions
13. most retired persons receive three different kinds of old-age pensions paid for by taxes and employer contributions
14. full or partial disability pensions; disabled child pension goes to parents until age 16 and then directly to child
15. special payment to handicapped persons who are working or in school
16. surviving spouse and orphan pensions
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
This item caught my eye because I worked in Amoco R&D when we did the testing for the state of MN on the pavement wear by tires that ultimately led to the ban of studs.
And having followed meteorology for 50yr; I wonder why there is very low ,like 0.15, correlation (in the mathematical ) sense between CO2 and global temperature. It was also interesting in the 70's to see half the experts say the bad oil companies were causing global cooling and half said it was warming. I guess they had a secret meeting in about 1980 and voted for warming.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Only 10% were predicting cooling in the 1970's:
So the consensus has risen from 62% to 97%
Think of the countless numbers of scientific discoveries since the 1960's that the climate scientists now have to support their theory. People used slide rules before the 1970's. Weather satellites had not been invented. For example, NOAA’s most momentous breakthrough achievements since then:
•Climate Model (late 1960s): Enabled scientists to understand for the first time how the ocean and atmosphere interacted with each other to influence climate.
•Coronagraph in Space (1995): Enabled improved forecasting of threats to electronic communications on Earth from coronal mass ejections on the Sun.
•ECOPATH Modeling (1983): Revolutionized scientists’ ability to accurately identify ecological relationships to understand complex marine ecosystems.
•Global Positioning System (1990s): Allowed NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey to develop revolutionary methods of positioning and surveying.
•Hydrographic Surveying Methods (throughout the 20th century): Enabled NOAA’s Office of Coast Survey to improve surveying efficiency in coastal waters by several different methods, most recently multibeam sonar starting in the 1970s.
•Large Marine Ecosystems (mid-1980s): Advanced the concept of understanding how best to manage large ocean areas for sustained biological productivity.
•Ozone Hole (late 1980s): Theorized and confirmed that man-made chlorine and bromine compounds were causing stratospheric ozone depletion.
•Polar-orbiting and Geostationary Satellites (1960 to present): Revolutionized NOAA’s ability to observe the earth, the atmosphere, the oceans, and space and to forecast natural phenomena.
•Tornado Detection and Warnings (1970s): Discovered that using Doppler radar to peer into storms allows meteorologists to more confidently forecast tornados.
•Warming of the World Ocean (2000-2001): Documented for the first time an increase in heat content of the world ocean for the 40-year period between 1955 and 1998.
All of these tool have been invented since then.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
Thought you might want to find out where that 97% figure came from.....
13,500 letters were sent to a "science" organization.
3,500 were returned answering 5 questions. (A large number actually!)
We ahve never been told what the other three questions were, nor how many people answered them, nor what the percentages were of each answer. Evidently, the "scientists" controlling th e97% didn't like those resulst.
We do know that the only two questions that were allowed/released were:
Has the earth warmed?
Are humans responsible for some part of that warming?
Now, of those 3,500 answering the two questions that were admitted, the "scientists" ranked all replies by number of papers written.
They then threw out everybody who wasn't on a "government payroll" or working at a government institution.
They now had 77 replies.
And, 75 out of 77 government-paid "scientists" did admit that
(1) The earth has warmed in recent years
(2) Mankind is responsible for some part of that warming.
And I totally agree with them.
Further, 100% of government-paid "scientists" and bureaucrats funding those "scientists" do also admit that 1.3 trillion in new carbon and energy taxes would do a great deal of good to the world's governments.
Do you "really" want to bring up any more 97% quotes?
The rest is propaganda. In the UK alone, 24,000 seniors and the poor were killed in 2012-2013 winter season as "excess deaths" by the UK government policies requiring the artificial high gas and fuel prices demanded by your precious "global warming" assumptions and propaganda. In 2013-2014, 34,000 excess deaths were caused by "fuel deprivation" ... And THAT in a "civilized" country able to count deaths due to cold and high fuel prices.
there has been 0.0 rise in global temperatures measured since 1996. An 18 year period of NO "global warming" at all. Despite a 10% increase in CO2 levels. "IF" there were global warming, its benefits are huge. It's problems? None. At the 95% confidence level.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
"Based on our abstract ratings, we found that just over 4,000 papers took a position on the cause of global warming, 97.1% of which endorsed human-caused global warming. In the scientist self-ratings, nearly 1,400 papers were rated as taking a position, 97.2% of which endorsed human-caused global warming. Many papers captured in our literature search simply investigated an issue related to climate change without taking a position on its cause."
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-con...
http://www.realsceptic.com/2013/11/21/97-climate-s...
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
I am totally playing devil's advocate here. And I'm doing it on purpose. If you look at that data are you going to tell me that the temperature and CO2 fluctuations were driven by humans? I highly doubt that was the case 300k years ago. So blame humans all you want. However I think that we need concrete evidence (No the research done to date is not concrete evidence because as I said earlier we only have research from such a miniscule portion of the earth's life) before we can blame it totally on human impact.
Are we partially responsible? sure. Wholly responsible? Not likely. Climate change enthusiasts come across like Jehovah's witnesses when they try to cram this stuff down our throats.
RE: Studded tires on asphalt pavements and health effects
If you look at the chart above, notice that the carbon dioxide never goes above 300 in the last 400,000 years. Carbon dioxide is now 400 and climbing. The last time there was this much carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere, modern humans didn't exist. That is the answer to your chicken and the egg argument.
Climate change deniers are the ones who come across like Jehovah's witnesses, Adventists, or even creationists.
For example, Jehovah's witnesses repeatedly prophesize that the world is coming to an end. It doesn't, yet they still believe.
Adventists had their Great Disappointment in 1844 when the world did not end, yet they still believe.
Edwin Hubble showed that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth, that the universe is expanding, and proved that the universe was created with the Big Bang. There is substantial evidence that the Earth and the other bodies of the Solar System are 4.5-4.6 billion years old. God is "not a magician with a magic wand", Pope Francis said in a trenchant speech backing science against creationism and intelligent design theories. Yet the creationists believe that the earth is less than 10,000 years old.
There is a difference between a fact and a belief. The debate about global warming went on for 50 years, so nothing was crammed down anyones throat. Now, a consensus has been reached among the scientific community. That does not mean there is a consensus among politicians, other groups, etc. that are less informed.