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Minimum tube diameter for refractory-lined tubesheet

Minimum tube diameter for refractory-lined tubesheet

Minimum tube diameter for refractory-lined tubesheet

(OP)
I'm wondering if there is a minimum tube diameter recommended for heat recovery steam generators which are using gas hot enough to require a refractory-lined tubesheet. My concern is a practical one related to how much refractory material you need between tubes (i.e. relating to both tube diameter and spacing) to still yield a durable refractory installation. The refractory required would be a rammable mix hard refractory. Inlet temperatures could reach 1000 C on the tubeside. Ceramic tube ferrules may also be required, which I presume will also affect the minimum tube diameter.

I haven't seen too many units like this, but all the ones I have seen have had large diameter tubes (2"+). Just wondering if anyone out there has seen units with smaller tubes, and if so, how small.

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