Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
(OP)
Hello everyone,
I have been struggling to properly calculate energy ratios (energy dissipated/energy input) in servo-hydraulic test systems. Specifically, the test specimens are quarter-car (2DoF) suspensions, which include tire compliances. The rig is capable of many excitation waveforms, but I typically use a constant peak velocity swept-sine. The rig has a load-cell under the tire pad and there are accelerometers at the pad (input), the hub, and the body, which are integrated to give relative displacements. I am hoping to get some feedback on what I'm trying, as currently my system is breaking energy conservation(!).
Initially I performed the calculations in the time domain:
Input Energy(t) = int(Force(t)*dx(t),x) where t is time
A swept-sine allows the time history to be broken up into cycles, and for each cycle I would determine the contained area within the Force vs. Displacement curve: one area for 1 cycle (frequency), so I manually constructing a spectral energy signal (I'm not sure this is valid). The calculation is performed using Pad Force and 3 displacements:
-Actuator displacement (to get input energy)
-Pad to Hub displacement (to get energy dissipated by tire)
-Hub to Body displacement (to get energy dissipated by dampers)
At the body resonance, the energy dissipated by the Hub - Body is greater than the input energy (not good). I repeated the calc using Pad - Body and it was also much greater than input near resonance.
I switched to the frequency domain and calculate a cross-spectral density with the displacement signal as input and force as output.
Energy(jw) = cross-spectral-density(Displacement(t),Force(t))
using the same 3 displacements. I actually receive something similar to the time domain calculation though it matches my predictions better. More importantly, the energy dissipated by the dampers is larger than the input energy(!).
So I realize that I have an issue with my calculations. Can someone offer their opinion on the validity of calculating input energy and dissipated energy in this manner?
I appreciate any feedback.
Chris
I have been struggling to properly calculate energy ratios (energy dissipated/energy input) in servo-hydraulic test systems. Specifically, the test specimens are quarter-car (2DoF) suspensions, which include tire compliances. The rig is capable of many excitation waveforms, but I typically use a constant peak velocity swept-sine. The rig has a load-cell under the tire pad and there are accelerometers at the pad (input), the hub, and the body, which are integrated to give relative displacements. I am hoping to get some feedback on what I'm trying, as currently my system is breaking energy conservation(!).
Initially I performed the calculations in the time domain:
Input Energy(t) = int(Force(t)*dx(t),x) where t is time
A swept-sine allows the time history to be broken up into cycles, and for each cycle I would determine the contained area within the Force vs. Displacement curve: one area for 1 cycle (frequency), so I manually constructing a spectral energy signal (I'm not sure this is valid). The calculation is performed using Pad Force and 3 displacements:
-Actuator displacement (to get input energy)
-Pad to Hub displacement (to get energy dissipated by tire)
-Hub to Body displacement (to get energy dissipated by dampers)
At the body resonance, the energy dissipated by the Hub - Body is greater than the input energy (not good). I repeated the calc using Pad - Body and it was also much greater than input near resonance.
I switched to the frequency domain and calculate a cross-spectral density with the displacement signal as input and force as output.
Energy(jw) = cross-spectral-density(Displacement(t),Force(t))
using the same 3 displacements. I actually receive something similar to the time domain calculation though it matches my predictions better. More importantly, the energy dissipated by the dampers is larger than the input energy(!).
So I realize that I have an issue with my calculations. Can someone offer their opinion on the validity of calculating input energy and dissipated energy in this manner?
I appreciate any feedback.
Chris
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
E_total = E_tire + E_damper = E_input
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
To clarify the spectral calculation:
cpsd(x(t),F(t)) = E_real(w) + E_imag(w)*j
I take the real part, which is the dissipated energy, while the imaginary part is stored. Hopefully I'm not off base here.
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
It is not.
input work =Fpad.xpad
tire work= Fpad.xpad-F(tire to hub).xhub
etc
Cheers
Greg Locock
New here? Try reading these, they might help FAQ731-376: Eng-Tips.com Forum Policies http://eng-tips.com/market.cfm?
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
I don't know if this changes your opinion, but I am attempting to determine the energy dissipated by the damper(s).
If we simplify to a single DoF system as a tire on a pad, then the input force is transmitted directly into the tire damper/spring. My thoughts are that the work done by the damper should be affected by both the magnitude and phase of the relative damper displacement compared to the input (actuator) displacement, and the force should be the same. Here, I would contend that your "Fpad" and "F(tire to hub)" are the same.
I would extend this to a 2DoF system containing a body mass, by considering my enclosed system to be both tire and suspension together. It is probably not valid to use the Hub-Body displacement, as the measured force is not input to the hub. However, we should be able to use the entire suspension (Pad-Body) and remove the tire energy component after calculation.
E_system = E_tire + E_suspension
Or am I getting too far ahead of myself?
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
nullius in verba
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
Let's just simplify to a single spring-mass-damper system, with the spring/damper attached to the actuator pad. It seems as Greg is stating that the energy (work) input will be Force_pad*X_pad, and the energy dissipated by the damper is:
(Force_pad - Force_hub)*(X_pad_to_hub)
am I correct?
I am attempting to use:
Force_pad*(X_pad_to_hub)
as I thought you only needed the input force to the system and the resulting response (relative displacement).
The pad force would be transmitted through the system, but with a magnitude and phase change, and maybe this is what I am failing to account for. So to take Greg's advice I would need load cells on the hub and the body?
Thanks for your replies.
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
Does the plot of vibration amplitude vs frequency change? Yes
therefore the force in the spring must have changed as it is k.x
Yes, you need to measure forces in between the components, or more cunning experiments.
Cheers
Greg Locock
New here? Try reading these, they might help FAQ731-376: Eng-Tips.com Forum Policies http://eng-tips.com/market.cfm?
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
I've confirmed this in my simulation, where I can measure forces wherever I want...I only see a relative force change across a mass, never across a spring/damper. So I agree with Greg, that the vibration amplitude vs. frequency will change when mass is doubled, but I still believe that the force measured at the pad is the only force we have available for a Single DOF system. However...
Extending this to 2 DOF with an additional spring-damper-mass in series with the first mass (quarter-car), is where I believe I had issues and perhaps this is what Greg has been saying the entire time. I agree that I cannot use the pad load cell for the 'suspension' damper (input force has changed mag&phase). This makes things more difficult in practice (need a more cunning experiment) but is not an issue in simulation. I do get expected results this way, and I will have to find a way to reconfigure the setup.
Greg, thank you for your help.
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
Cheers
Greg Locock
New here? Try reading these, they might help FAQ731-376: Eng-Tips.com Forum Policies http://eng-tips.com/market.cfm?
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
"tire work= Fpad.xpad-F(tire to hub).xhub"
Please, explain to me where 'F(tire to hub)' would be measured at?
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
You could buy a wheel force trandsucer, but that will cause as many problems as it solves.
Cheers
Greg Locock
New here? Try reading these, they might help FAQ731-376: Eng-Tips.com Forum Policies http://eng-tips.com/market.cfm?
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
sketch up your free body diagram identifying all the forces and masses in your system, without that step no meaningful discussion is possible...
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
The reason is that ideal spring and damper elements transmit force directly, so the force is unchanged from the pad up to the hub mass. I have done plenty of FBDs, I can represent this in simulation, and I have measured equivalent forces with WFTs using a rig to check calibration.
Tire_work = F_pad*X(hub to pad)
However, you were right about the suspension damper (and I thank you for your help).
Damper_work = F_susp*X(body to hub) ... F_susp is force between hub and body.
So I have the results I want/expect. I typo'd in my first post, it must be the imaginary portion above (not the real).
For the record, I didn't like the "unread" comment either.
Chris
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
Cheers
Greg Locock
New here? Try reading these, they might help FAQ731-376: Eng-Tips.com Forum Policies http://eng-tips.com/market.cfm?
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
I appreciate the help.
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
Here's the system model I'll discuss
Pad-tirespringdamper-wheelmass-suspensionspringdamper-ground
Fwheel=Fpad=F (sorry, in my first post I said they might be different, which they are in the more detailed model but not in this model)
xwheel!=xpad
work input=F.xpad
work in tire=F.(xpad-xhweel)
work in rest of system=F.xwheel
and because we've broken the system up sensibly it is easy to write the dynamic equations, K=k+jwc F and x are of the form F*sin(w.t) etc
Fpad=(xpad-xwheel).Ktire
Fwheel=Fpad
Fwheel=xhweel.(-w^2*wheelmass+Ksuspension)
Fground=xhweel*Ksuspension
A few observations
- this is an SDOF system but there are two important measured displacements
-it is a lousy model of a suspension on a car because the end of the roadspringdamper is grounded, suppressing the major ride mode at 1-2 Hz. It is OK, but not brilliant, for examining wheelhop at 10-12 Hz.
-It will not easily correlate well to on-road results because it ignores the mass of the contact patch (probably a small effect, 30 Hz or more), and the body cannot move.
Cheers
Greg Locock
New here? Try reading these, they might help FAQ731-376: Eng-Tips.com Forum Policies http://eng-tips.com/market.cfm?
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
I have been focusing below 30Hz, as internal tires modes (first-order wheel imbalance) start to creep in, and I can't excite them properly with the rig.
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy
RE: Experimentally calculating dissipated energy