Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
(OP)
I could rephrase the same question, why does the frequency decrease when load exceeds generation?
I know these are fundamental operating characteristics of a power system network but I'm not sure I can mathematically prove it. My best guess is that everything dissipates more power when the frequency increases, or less power when the frequency decreases. So if you have an imbalance of generation/load, the change in frequency effectively forces the load to dissipate more power or consume less power, right?
Which equation explicitly shows this? The AC instantaneous current formula?
I'm familiar with frequency control schemes, etc, I just want to make sure I understand the mathematical concepts behind it.
Thanks
I know these are fundamental operating characteristics of a power system network but I'm not sure I can mathematically prove it. My best guess is that everything dissipates more power when the frequency increases, or less power when the frequency decreases. So if you have an imbalance of generation/load, the change in frequency effectively forces the load to dissipate more power or consume less power, right?
Which equation explicitly shows this? The AC instantaneous current formula?
I'm familiar with frequency control schemes, etc, I just want to make sure I understand the mathematical concepts behind it.
Thanks






RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
Frequency is not the only thing that can change when there is an imbalance. And by imbalance I would include stored energy in parts of the system like fly wheel effect.
The stored energy is why the system takes time to change.
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
Everyone I ask tells me the frequency goes up or down and there are control systems in place to adjust the generation as needed. That's all well and good but I want to understand why exactly the frequency goes up? Is the desire to actually understand the science behind concepts so rare as opposed to just accepting a subjective answer at face value?
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
Assuming you are talking about a generator connected to a utility grid, the math may not be so easy as there are many different scenarios of load and generation to consider. From a mechanical standpoint, consider the math in the following:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel#Physics
I would consider this link as a good starting point, as well as the Pin=Pout statement listed above.
BTW a clutch is the third pedal in a stick shift car.
"A clutch is a mechanical device that provides for the transmission of power (and therefore usually motion) from one component (the driving member) to another (the driven member). The opposite component of the clutch is the brake.:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
The formula for calculation of ACE follows:
ACE = (NIA - NIS) - 10b (FA - FS) Tob + IME
Where,
•NIA represents actual net interchange (MWs)
•NIS represents scheduled net interchange (MWs)
•b represents the control area's frequency bias setting (MW/0.1 Hz)
•FA represents actual system frequency (Hz)
•FS represents scheduled system frequency (60.0 Hz in America)
•Tob represents scheduled interchange energy used to bilaterally correct inadvertent accumulations (MWs)
•IME represents a manually entered amount to compensate for known equipment error (MWs)
http://everything2.com/title/Area+Control+Error
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
Consider a generator and load in balance. You have PM=PE+Ploss. Now, make a step reduction in PE. There can be no corresponding step reduction in PM or step increase in Ploss. So, either certain conservation laws get violated or there has to be another term in the original equation giving PM=PE+Ploss+Paccel. During steady state operation Paccel=0. On a step decrease in PE there is a equal step increase in Paccel (and vice versa). Given time to react, the governor system reduces PM enough to drive Paccel negative and then brings it back up to regain the original balance.
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
I think I'm getting closer to understanding. Pin=Pout is really the sticking point of this issue. At steady state lets say Pin = 100MW and Pout = 100MW. Now 1MW of load is lost. Examining this transient period of time - Pin is still 100MW because your generator has not had time to react.
Pout is still 100MW because of the conservation of energy we just spoke of (Pin=Pout). So my question really was, where does this extra 1MW of power get dissipated during this transient period? Let's assume there is no energy storage or flywheels.
There are only two places I can see where this extra energy is dissipated. It would either be A) in the mechanical generating turbines themselves, or B) the overall connected load helps compensate, or C) some combination of A and B.
I was thinking - when the frequency increases, the inductive reactance of a connected load increases as well, right? So does the connected grid dissipate slightly more power at 61 Hz as opposed to 60 Hz. Or does all of the extra power get burned up as mechanical energy?
Do you get where I'm going with this, at least?
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
Without a control system to dampen the system change, the system will come back into balance with Pin=Pout, where Pout will be increased losses, and load growth (load increases with frequency and voltage).
You will also increase energy stored in the rotating mass, as well as reactive energy. This storage of energy is why the system will not jump to a new steady state value, but will tend to ring.
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
It's safe to say that resistive load (non-motor load) doesn't depend on frequency deviation
Without a control system the generator should trip, unless you want to see the rotor running around the power station if overspeeding or lose the blades on the turbine if running well below nominal frequency.
May you grow up to be righteous, may you grow up to be true...
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
If the prime mover was say an otto cycle engine, it would have a greater range than some other types.
But you are correct that there maybe limits other than the electrical system.
As I said above, the frequency is not the only value that changes.
RE: Why does the frequency increase when generation exceeds load?
The speed and frequency would be 3% fast at no load and drop to the desired value at full load.
Sudden load changes will cause a dip or surge in speed/frequency until the control system and prime mover respond.
An isochronous control system will run at the set speed, but will respond to fast load changes as described above.
If the control system fails to curtail the energy supplied to the prime mover in such a way that the energy supplied exceeds the energy demanded, the generator will accelerate until some factor balances the input energy and the output energy. This factor may be abrupt, dramatic, rapid and expensive.
Bill
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Jimmy Carter