Multiple Resistor Grounding
Multiple Resistor Grounding
(OP)
When you have several generators in paralell that are grounded via resistors the "brief in nature" information I have indicate that sizing shall account for circulating currents.This is also stated when discussing having all generators grounded through a single resistor.
Can someone provide input to the following:
1.- Circulating currents in the situations described above.
2.- Single or Multiple resistor grounding. Pro's and Con's
3.- Reference Material.
Can someone provide input to the following:
1.- Circulating currents in the situations described above.
2.- Single or Multiple resistor grounding. Pro's and Con's
3.- Reference Material.






RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
2. Single resistor is preferred since the ground fault current is smallest via a single resistor resistance grounded neutral system grounding arrangement.
3. Beeman D. "Industrial Power System Handbook," First Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1955, page 373
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
1.- Do you have a method to estimate the current values.
2.- The breaker system is used in system with units exceeding the 15 MW, in some countries. Gas Units such as the LM 2500 ( 22MW ISO ratings ) use just grounding via distribution transformers.
3.- The use of breakers in systems with gen sets in the range of 2.5MW to 10MW is rarely applied due to cost.
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
Baker D. S. "Charging Current Data For Guesswork-Free Design of High-Resistence Grounded Systems," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. IA-15, No. 2, pp 136-140, March/April 1979
contains the charging current information to aid the design engineer in determining the magnitude of charging current. There are also listed useful references, e.g. IEEE 142
2. If there are generators connected in parallel then the circuit breakers are preferred or mandatory. If generators are not connected in parallel then the circuit breaker is not needed since there is not any system neutral ground bus and one capacitive charging current level (See D. Beeman Handbook posted above. It explains the system grounding in Chapter 6.)
3. It appears that the cost is not a factor; however, the charging current is and parallel operation of generators is (See D. Beeman Handbook posted above.)
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
shouldn't we have the grounded neutral from the gen sets installed with respective isolator switch so that at only one time only one neutral is closed to the main switch board (to your neutral bus).
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
resistors and the neutral grounding transformer are sized to create a reactance which will limit the amount of ground current in the event of a fault in the winding.
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
thank you.
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
1.- Circuit breakers are used by certain companies in large systems were the generators are in paralell.
2.- Some companies do not use breakers but disconnect switches type arrangments.
3.- Other schemes involved the use of one breaker and several disconnect switches.
Circuit breakers are not the only items used in power systems. References such as Beeman and the GE Industrial Power System Books are a important source of information but be careful in the application of specific schemes because of their age. Certain practices have received modifications due to companies now in a "budget operating mode".
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
1.- Disconnect Switches are different in LV and MV applications. I am assuming you are referring to the NO-Load Break and Load Break characteristics of MV disconnect switches when compared to LV switches.
2.- If item #1 is correct breakers are different from disconnects in regards to their ability to interrup abnormal current values:
a) Within specific times/values in LV systems.
b) Within specific time/values via protective relaying schemes in MV systems.
3.- MV CB differ from disconnects in the interrupting medium ( Vacuum, Oil,SF6,Air ) used.
LV Generators are hardly ever grounded via a resistor,therefore hardly any practice of LV neutral CB.Also a large population of LV generators are used for the task of standby systems.
Now the story chages with MV generators, these are used for all type of systems ( Prime power, standby,etc ). A large population of the 4.16 kV generators used in industrial enviroments are grounded via a neutral grounded resistor. NO Neutral CB.
Utilities and large industrial complex ( refineries ) have their generators grounded via neutral distribution resistors
a)With only load break disconnect switches.
b) One CB and the a string of Load Break disconnects.
My original posting was based on how to calculate circulating currents as these will be present in the step up XTR and in the resistor. Beeman does not address this type of calcs.
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
The concern with generators operating in parallel on a common bus is with third harmonic current circulating through the common neutrals. There are several approaches to avoiding this problem, some of which are -
- Provide each generator with a neutral disconnect switch (NOT a circuit breaker). Only one disconnect is closed at any one time, so that there is no posssibility of circulating current.
- Provide each generator with an individual neutral grounding resistor; the resistors have to be sized to carry the expected level of circulating third harmonic current. This approach has the disadvantage that the ground fault level is variable, depending on the number of generators on line.
- Install a separate grounding transformer with a neutral grounding resistor (this can be a wye/delta station service transformer or a zigzag grounding transformer). None of the generators are grounded in this case, all generator neutrals operate isolated.
In all of the above, sensitive and selective ground fault relaying is of paramount importance. There is a need to minimize the ground fault current, so as to minimize stator iron burning for generator ground faults, while still providing a high enough current for selective tripping.
One relaying approach that works well with the separate grounding trasformer approach is to install directional ground relays on each generator circuit, with time delayed overcurrent protection on the grounding transformer itself.
On balance, I believe that the separate grounding transformer is perhaps the best solution for a new installation, where there is a transformer isolating the generation from the distribution system. I have worked recently with a utility 11.5 kV system, connecting 4x10MW generators to a common bus, which uses this method of grounding. No problems to date, and no circulating currents. Am also presently working on an industrial system which has individual NGRs, and am wrestling with setting relays for the range of ground fault current available.
One other point re the above responses - under no circumstances should there be a circuit breaker in the neutral circuit which will trip under fault conditions. The faulted generator itself and its associated main breaker would be tripped for the ground fault condition.
If a disconnect switch is provided in the neutral circuit, it can be a manually operated metal-enclosed switchgear device or an open switch, depending on the type of construction in the station. I have seen older stations with the neutral busbar and individual switches mounted on the wall in a switchgear room, but I wouldn't recommend this for modern practice.
Another useful reference, if you have access to a copy, is the old Westinghouse Electrical T&D Reference Book - see chapter 19. Hope this helps to clarify the issue.
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
1.- The only thing to add would be that several operating companies fell comfortable in the application of a common resistor as then the ground fault value will never exceed the sole resistor rating.
2.- If I have several generators in paralell each with a NGR, the maximum ground fault level will be equal to number of NGR's in the system. If I used for the ground relaying a setting value identical to the minimum number of generators (NGR's) allowed in the system will this cause other problems????.
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
2. Assuming that your NGRs are the same value, then setting to the minimum number of generators will work. Problem arises when there are different values involved, hence many permutations to cover. Also, note that generator damage becomes more of a concern with increasing ground fault current. While a generator rewind is painful enough, rebuilding burnt stator laminations will spoil your whole day.
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
If in any moment you have detected a "negative" statement towards D.Beeman publication, disregard it as the book is a "must read ".
What needs to be understood is that practices have changed or adapted with time due to cost, standard changes and equipment engineering modifications.
At the present time the TOP 3 Oil Companies and Main Western Utilities do not use CB. THis is just a reference point.
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
I have installed many generator systems and have always used the following method to determine if this is a real or imagined problem. If the problem is real, then how does the circulating current effect the generator and/or the neutral grounding device(s)? First a little background.
In general, only third harmonic voltage can cause circulating currents in the neutral of the power system. Equal third harmonic voltages will exist in all three of the generator phases and these voltages are in phase. Thus these voltages will only be effected by the zero sequence circuit impedances. The magnitude of the circulating current is dependent on the third harmonic voltage of the individual generators and the third harmonic impedance of the zero sequence circuit. Other triplen frequencies are generally so small that only the third harmonic voltage needs to be considered.
The generator(s) zero sequence impedance is usually provided by the manufacturer and this value has an impedance which is three times as large as the fundamental frequency impedance stated on the generator data sheets. Thus, if a generator has X0= .06 per unit on the data sheet it will have a value of 3x0(.18 per unit) in your equivalent circuit. The voltage behind this impedance is the per unit third harmonic voltage. Now the third harmonic voltage is varies with the load on the generator and will be a maximum at full load on the individual machines. I have seen values on American designed machines which vary between .015 to .03 per unit from no-load to full load. Foriegn made units typically have higher third harmonic voltages. I have installed ASEA generators where the third harmonic voltage at full load is nearly .20 per unit. I might also add that the third harmonic voltage is related to the winding pitch and the majority of steam turbine units (3600 RPM) use a winding pitch of 5/6. Units operating at other speeds such as 1800 RPM diesel units may have third harmonic voltages slightly higher than mentioned above.
With multiple generators there are several conditions which should be considered. If the generators are identical, equally loaded and have equal third harmonic voltages and these voltages are in phase, then a third harmonic current will flow between the generators and any other neutral grounding device on the system. This could be a transformer connected to the bus which has a grounding resistor or one that is solidly grounded( I hope you don't have that). Note that no circulating current will flow between the two generators-only between the generators and the other neutral grounding device. If the two(or more) generators have unequal third harmonic voltages, then a circulating harmonic current will flow between the generators. Depending on your single line, both conditions may require evaluation.
Without the presence of a transformer or other neutral path, the zero sequence circuit consist of two third harmonic voltages in series with their individual grounding resistors and the third harmonic value of the zero sequence impedance of the generator. Note that the external resistor will be in the circuit as 3R and it does not require additional modification. If a grounding reactor is used then the correct value to be used in the equivalent is 9 x ( 3 X because it is in the neutral circuit and a multiplier of 3 because it is exposed to the third harmonic voltage). The case which will result in the largest circlating current is one in which the voltages are out of phase.
Next step is to convert the per unit impedances to a common base and calculate the circulating current between the units. Let's assume you have made the calculation and have determined that the circulating current is .10 per unit. Let's further assume that the generators are operating at a full load condition of 1 per unit cuurent. What remains to be calculated is the amount of derating associated with this circulating current. Given a 1 per unit load and a .10 per unit third harmonic current, the equivalent load on the machine is the square root of the sum of the squares. In this case, the effective load on the machine is 1.00498-call it 1.005. This means that the generator output has to be limited to .995 of the machine rating. You must agree that this is not of a derating for the conditions outlined.
Does the circulating current cause any problems with a neutral grounding device? After determing the circulating current, you need to evaluate the effects on the neutral gorunding device. I believe the existing standard for neutral grounding device grants an implicit continous capability which is a function of the short time rating. In addition, I remember the short time rating for the third harmonic current is to 15 % of the implicit continous current rating. Basically this means that a resistor which has a 10 sec rating can have a continous third harmonic rating of .45 %, a 1 minute rating of 1.05 % and a 10 minute rated resistor has a 4.5 % continous third harmonic current rating.
When I started this I said that it was necessary to determine if the problem is real or imaginary. Get the data on the third harmonic voltage from the manufacturer,alos the zer sequence impedance and then make the calculation. If you do not have or cannot get this data, I have it for machines with ratings from 4MW -100MW for American and some foriegn made units. Let me know if you need this and I will send.
In closing I wnat to say a brief word about Beeman. This is a very good book but it is introductory and somewhat out of date. I use it only for a quick reference and then go to my many files or other text books when I need detailed information.
One other word. If you go to a seperate grounding transformer for this application, the smallest KVA for any application is the Zig-Zag followed by the Scott-T and the Wye-Delta is last. The Zag-Zag is 15 % smaller than a Scott-T and 58 % smaller than the equivalent Wye -Delta. I've written a small paper on the size differeces and how to calculate the KVA of each.
Good luck on your application and it really sounds like fun!! _
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
References:
1. IEEE Std 142-1991 “IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems,” dated 1991
2. D. Beeman (cited above)
3. D. S. Baker (cited above)
Reference 1 appears to be one of the current authorities on the System Grounding. It refers to “D. Beeman” and “D.S. Baker” references mentioned above in postings among other references. It makes distinction between Resistance Grounding, par. 1.4.3, and Grounding Transformer method in par. 1.4.7 “Obtaining the System Neutral.” The Three-Phase Zigzag Grounding Transformer has its advantages and disadvantages (see D. Beeman page 349) and the more modern disadvantage is in its vulnerability to a voltage harmonic content appearing more and more in power distribution systems. Please notice that in "one parallel generator grounded only" of a group of parallel generators, the circulating currents (differential mode currents) will not propagate to the earth. Only common mode currents flow through the ground.
RE: Multiple Resistor Grounding
1. Grigsby L.L. "The Electric Power Engineering Handbook," CRC Press LL, 2001
on page 5-7: "Load break disconnect switches have been furnished in the past, but with improvement and cost reductions of circuit breakers, it is not practical to continue to furnish load break disconnect switches, and a circuit breaker should be used instead."
Reference 1 has just been published; therefore, there is no need for any "underhand actions."