Banking Single Phase Transformers
Banking Single Phase Transformers
(OP)
Can you bank three single phase transformers in a delta to grounded wye with one transformer having a different impedance?
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Banking Single Phase Transformers
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RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
Rafiq Bulsara
http://www.srengineersct.com
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
A delta:wye is basically three single phase circuits. No circulating currents.
For unity power factor loads compare the regulation numbers rather than impedance. As the load changes you may have slight phase angle errors. Any motor loads will sacrifice some of their thermal capacity in an attempt to balance any unbalanced voltages and to correct phase angle errors.
It depends, a small impedance difference may not cause issues but an impedance difference large enough to cause a few percent voltage differences will cause hot running motors as the motors try to correct the errors.
Bill
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"Why not the best?"
Jimmy Carter
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
Did you mean to say wye:wye? The OP's delta:wye will certainly have any secondary zero sequence current transformed to the primary where at will be confined to circulate around the delta. Not a problem, as long as current is within the individual transformer ratings. The lower impedance unit(s) will hog the load, so this bank will not be able to run to a capacity based on the sum of the individual units.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
You can model this situation using symmetrical components. Check out open conductor faults with impedance.
You'll probably want to model this so you can see how much negative sequence current you get and to make sure the settings of the negative sequence relays permit this.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
I may have misspoke as part of the harmonic currents may circulate in the delta but that is the nature of harmonics. It doesn't matter if the harmonics are present on the line, or generated by your load. If harmonics are present, the mismatched impedance will not change that or in itself cause harmonics. The impedance mismatch may have a slight effect on the amplitude of the harmonic current.
Bill
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"Why not the best?"
Jimmy Carter
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
Harmonics are not needed to have circulating zero sequence primary delta current, just unbalanced secondary fundamental loading will work just fine. Yes they do not reach the primary conductors outside the delta where it looks like line to line current. Like Charlie they doomed to ride forever 'neath the streets of Boston within the delta.
'later
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
If I hook a transformer line to line on a delta system I can draw single phase current from the secondary. I am at a loss as to how doing this three times with only one common point on the secondary windings will cause circulating current.
I hope that I am not about to learn something new. (Yes it happens and it's painful).
Bill
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"Why not the best?"
Jimmy Carter
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
If there is a zero-sequence component to the current on the wye side, there will be a corresponding zero-sequence current circulating in the delta of the delta side. It can't leave the delta, so it never appears at the terminals, but it can certainly be measured by CTs in the delta. This is the same for three singles as it is for a single 3-phase transformer.
Put the three singles in a black box, put a comparably rated 3-phase in another black box. Three wires into the delta side, four wires out of the wye side in both cases, with the wye-point wire grounded in both cases. You'd be hard pressed to determine which black box contains which type of transformer. If the 3-phase unit were of shell construction it could be impossible. If the 3-phase unit were of core construction there will be a difference between Z1 and Z0 for the 3-phase and not of the three singles.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
I am visualizing a delta distribution system. The system carries the secondary neutral throughout the system.
On Maple street, there is a transformer connected from A phase to B phase. The secondary has the neutral point grounded. There is a line to neutral fault on the secondary. There is a corresponding current in the primary A and B lines.
If this is fed from a delta winding back at the sub, the load current will divide about 50/50 between A-B and A-C-B. This is not a circulating current, it may be measured on the primaries of the three windings.
But no circulating current in the single phase primary.
Now if we connect a similar transformer over on Bay Street from line B to line C and on Green Avenue we connect another similar transformer from C to A.
Now, if we have a line to neutral fault on Maple Street will we get a circulating current between Maple Street and Green Avenue by way of Bay Street?
This is the same circuit in that three transformers with a common connection on their secondaries are connected to the three phases of a delta supply system.
Bill
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"Why not the best?"
Jimmy Carter
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
The source, delta or wye, doesn't matter, wants to supply the fault current equally from all three phases. The Maple St transformer has current flowing from A-B. Some of the ground return will arrive at the X0 of Bay St, and current will flow from B to C. Some of the ground return will also arrive at Green Ave and primary current will flow C to A.
Some circulating current. One limiting case is that there is no impedance between the three X0 terminals. The other limiting case would be infinite impedance between the X0 terminals.
With no impedance we have the case described in my previous post. In the infinite impedance case there would be no circulating current as only one X0 would be participating in the fault. Any real case will be somewhere in between and the amount of circulating current will vary.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
The situation you describe is somewhat different from the OP's, since your single phase secondaries are likely grounded mid-winding. Offhand I don't know the answer. Never analyzed a six phase system. To make it simple, let's ground each winding end so that the three secondaries form a three phase wye. Yes, circulating current will flow in the primary wires that connect the three streets.
For a graphical approach, draw your delta wye, show 1pu current leaving each wye leg in phase to represent the zero sequence currents. On the delta side you will have 1pu in each winding, all in the same direction. Summing the currents to zero at each delta node shows that no contribution from the primary lines are needed. If the nodes are remote from any of the windings, there is little difference.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
Say there is only load on one of the transformers. There is clearly only current in one of the primary windings, right? What is with this circulating current??? It is a mathematical construct. In two of the transformers, the zero-sequence current is completely balanced by positive and negative sequence current. The sum of the three sequence currents equals zero.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
The primary of this transformer is a single phase load on the delta supply. On the one hand it will work just fine. Other single phase loads will work fine on the other phases. If we add transformers on the other phases, we expect to see any secondary current reflected accurately in the primary. I have never heard of or seen primary currents that were not in reasonable proportion to the secondary current that were attributed to circulating currents. That would be the case if there were any transformers anywhere in the system on the other phases.
Steven, I like and respect you. But, respectfully I have to throw the flag on this one.
A transformer bank with full load on the secondaries and no contribution from the primary lines?? Is this patentable?
I was starting to doubt myself, but now, considering the high caliber of the other parties to this discussion, I suspect a massive misunderstanding of some sort.
Bill
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"Why not the best?"
Jimmy Carter
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
The problem with analyzing three separate transformers connected phase-to-phase in separate places with symmetrical components is that you are using a mathematical device applicable to three-phase systems, not three separate single-phase systems.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
Let's look at it another way.
Connect a transformer A phase to B phase.
Connect a transformer B phase to C phase.
Connect a transformer C phase to A phase.
Leave the secondaries disconnected and ungrounded. What would cause a circulating current in the primaries?
Although the magnetizing currents may form a delta vector diagram and appear to sum to zero, the magnetizing currents are still fed from the primary lines.
Any load on any transformer will have a corresponding primary current. I don't see any reason for any circulating current at the fundamental frequency. I can't see how a load on one transformer secondary will have any effect on the other transformer primaries.
Now, any connection of one end of any winding will not cause any current to flow in that connection. The connection may be to another winding, to ground, or to both, it will not by itself cause any change in winding currents or voltages as it is open circuited at the other end of each winding.
I can see the phantom delta in a three legged core of a three phase transformer causing circulating currents and I have many times seen a four wire wye:delta bank develop circulating currents to the point of self destruction.
In a delta wye with three independant transformers there is no need for the voltage delta to close on itself. The delta may have phase angle errors and dissimilar phase voltages and it will have no effect on a delta primary winding unless there is also a delta secondary winding.
The OP asked about Delta:Wye, not Wye:Delta which does have serious circulating current issues.
As a comment regarding four wire Wye:Delta transformer banks that were common in the earlier part of the last century when utilities were upgrading 2400V systems to 4160V systems;
It was common practice to reconnect the 2400V transformers from line to line to line to ground/neutral. Most industrial plants were using delta services.
This caused system wide circulating currents to the point that a hard ground fault on the secondary of a large transformer bank would cause widespread fuse blowing throughout the system. Wye:Delta, not Delta:Wye.
Bill
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"Why not the best?"
Jimmy Carter
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
In a delta-wye transformer, or in a delta-wye bank of single-phase transformers, with unbalanced loading of the secondary, there will be zero-sequence currents in the secondary windings. The zero-sequence currents in the secondary also result in zero-sequence currents in the primary windings. Because the zero-sequence currents are equal in each phase (both magnitude and phase angle, by definition of the symmetrical components), they will sum to zero at the corners of the delta primary and there will be no zero-sequence current in the lines.
Just because there is zero-sequence current in a primary winding, this does not mean that there is any total current in the primary winding. If there is no current in a secondary phase-neutral winding, there will be no current in the corresponding primary phase-phase winding. There will still be zero-sequence current flowing in the primary winding. The zero-sequence current will be offset by positive- and negative-sequence current.
Say you have a delta-wye transformer with no connection at all to one end of ØB and ØC of the secondary windings. The other ends are connected to ground. On the third phase there is a load connected to ground with 300A. There will be 100A of zero-sequence current flowing in the ØB and ØC secondary windings, even though there is no connection to them.
Remember, the sequence currents are only a mathematical construct to enable using three sets of equal three-phase currents in situations where the phase currents are not balanced. Each of the sequence currents has an equal current magnitude in each phase, by definition.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
Can you take a look at your signs in the last post please?
With the ends of the windings open, there will be no current flowing in the windings. If a proven mathematical construct indicates a current where there is none, possibly the sign is reversed so the current in phase B and phase C equal and cancel in the delta. Possibly your currents cancel and sum to zero so that there is no circulating current.
I have been responsible for systems with a combination of wye:delta and delta:wye transformers banks. We had many issues and failures with wye:delta banks but we never had any indication of circulating currents on our delta:wye banks. Due to a mixed load of commercial, industrial and residential, and a large part of our system running on two phases due to a failed undersea cable, we were never able to keep our system balanced over the course of the day.
We had transformer burnouts but mostly due to failed ventilation and/or overloads. Never an indication of circulating currents.
I regret that I am not able to make direct measurements at this time. The next time that I get back to the island I will do so.
PS; If the secondary of the wye:delta bank has any regenerative loads such as three phase induction motors, then I would expect to see some circulating currents in the delta.
Thanks again. I will be doing some further research on my own. I am becoming uncomfortable with this discussion. It's not good for the forum and I may find myself to be embarrassingly in the wrong.
Thanks again.
Yours Bill
Bill
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"Why not the best?"
Jimmy Carter
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
At last the solution to unlimited energy. Unfortunately zero sequence secondary energy comes from positive sequence primary energy, and conservation of energy still rules.
Transformer heating and possible burnout would be the result of total phase current exceeding the transformer capacity, and not the zero sequence component alone.
In Jghrist's example, I agree the sequence current in the unloaded phases sums to zero.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
I've been thinking about your "mathematical construct" comment, and I agree. But isn't some sort of mathematical construct needed to define delta circulating current? Assuming the three winding currents are different and non-zero, we would need some sort of manipulation to find the common component that makes up the circulating current. I had thought the zero sequence component would be the correct mathematical construct to use. How else should we define circulating current?
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
In the transformer feeding the bank in question the following condition may prevail.
First, consider that one transformer is missing and the three phase line is fed open delta. B-C is open and there is a single phase load on B-C. This load is fed from the open delta. The current is in phase with B-C but is leading in one of the open delta transformers and lagging in the other.
Now if the missing transformer is installed the cirrent will split, 50% will be supplied by what was the open delta and 50% will be supplied by the B-C phase transformer. This is a current split and not a circulating current. (Check the signs), but the zero sequence component will show up in three phases.
I suggest that when a phase to neutral load is applied to one phase of a delta wye transformer bank, there is no resulting current in two phases, but the zero sequence current will show up in three phases of a delta transformer feeding the system. This zero sequence current will be a current split rather than a circulating current.
This makes me happy and follows field experience. Does it satisfy the zero sequence constructions?
Yours
Bill
Bill
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"Why not the best?"
Jimmy Carter
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
Open the delta, and this circulating current is blocked. I'm not finding a difference between the circulating current here and the "split current" above.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
If you have unbalanced loads on a delta-wye transformer, then you have current in each primary winding proportional to the current in the secondary winding. Considering the currents to be "circulating" is unnecessarily confusing. Whatever winding current that doesn't add up to zero at the delta corner goes out the line as line current.
If you want to analyze the circuit with equal three-phase quantities, you can do it by breaking the current into three separate components (symmetrical components) that each have equal magnitudes in each phase but add together to get the unbalanced total current. One of these components, the zero-sequence component has equal phase angles as well as equal magnitudes for the three phases. Each winding has the same zero-sequence current, so they add to zero at the corners of the delta. This is how they get to be considered to be "circulating". But this is only one of the three symmetrical components of the current.
You don't need to use symmetrical components to analyze the winding currents. It is a method that can make analysis easier. You don't need to consider any current "circulating" around the windings. Just because the winding currents are not equal does not mean that you have to consider part of the current circulating around the windings.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
One possible proof may be to "break" the delta. If there is a small voltage across the broken delta, (open delta in IEC land) then there will be circulating currents when the delta is closed.
If there is a large voltage across the break you have probably interrupted a legitimate load current with the break and there may not be cause for circulating currents.
A circulating current may be a zero sequence current but I don't accept the corollary. I have seen and cured a lot of circulating issues when the delta winding is the secondary or tertiary or when there is a phantom delta formed by a three legged core.
A wye:wye bank with a single phase load on the secondary will have a corresponding load on one phase of the primary. A delta wye with a load on one phase of the secondary will supply half the load from the corresponding primary winding and half the load from the resultant of the vectors of the two other phases.
The secondary currents will all be reflected in the primary line currents and primary winding currents and there will be no current left to circulate. Every amp will be accounted for by the primary line currents. The currents in two of the phases will be out of phase with the phase voltages but this will be accounted for by the current in the third phase line.
Zero sequence yes, circulating, no.
That is not to say that an unbalance will not cause a circulating current somewhere upstream in the system, but not in this bank.
Bill
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"Why not the best?"
Jimmy Carter
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
If you break the delta in my example, full line to line primary voltage will appear across the break and all secondary current goes to zero. No circulating current then?
Jghrist,
The OP never said what what was downstream of his bank. We can only speculate on this point.
My example was not intended to throw in the concept of circulating currents between unmatched three phase transformers, but to provide an example of circulating delta current that I thought we could agree on. I guess we don't. Perhaps another example would work better?
All,
I remain troubled by the use of a phrase that apparently has no definition. On this point Jghrist has provided the only reasonable alternative; reject the use of the phrase. Waross has provided a method to determine if it is present or not, but no means to quantify it. Mgtrp introduced the phrase here. Mgtrp, please tell us what you meant.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
This is an extreme example of currents observed by waross in wye-delta banks.
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
Jghrist,
Good example, much simpler than mine. So circulating current is equal to I0 in this case. So what is the general rule for quantifying circulating current when sources and loads may exist on either side?
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
I have always considered "Circulating currents" to be unwanted and possibly destructive currents, whether in a delta winding, core laminations, bus bars or whatever.
A circulating current, just like a load current, has a corresponding current in the companion winding.
Circulating currents that I have encountered and corrected are I believe, zero sequence currents, in that the problem current has the same phase angle in all three phase windings of the delta, both primary and secondary.
This circulating current will combine vectorily to the load current in the windings. The resultant current may be much greater than the expected load current in at least one phase and often less than the load current in the other phases.
A delta wye transformer bank is basically three independent single phase transformers. Connect a single phase transformer line to line on a three phase supply and the load current will still be accurately reflected in the primary winding, just as if the transformer were connected to a single phase supply. Other loads on the three phase system will not affect the currents in the transformer windings and the ratio between primary and secondary will still be accurate.
Anyone who has worked with the larger single phase generators that have been converted from three phase to single phase will be familiar with the current split when a single phase load is applied to a delta transformer winding or a delta connected generator stator. The connection does not create circulating currents at the fundamental frequency.
We may have a misunderstanding concerning terms.
Three phase transformers with three legged cores may have issues with circulating currents caused by the phantom delta but three single phase transformers with a delta primary and a wye secondary have no mechanism to create circulating currents in the delta primary, even if they are different impedances.
And the real, destructive, transformer destroying circulating currents that I have encountered do not cancel. Often line conditions on one phase will cause the current and determine the phase angle of the circulating current. The total current in each phase will be the vector sum of the circulating current and the load and exciting currents. I have seen the circulating current exceed rated full load current of a transformer.
But you don't get that type of current with a delta primary and a wye secondary on a three transformer bank.
Bill
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"Why not the best?"
Jimmy Carter
RE: Banking Single Phase Transformers
I hear you on the magnetic circuit, and agree that three single phase transformers will have a different zero sequence impedance than a similar size three legged core three phase. This different impedance should be evident whether the zero sequence current is wanted or not.