Arc Fault Calculations
Arc Fault Calculations
(OP)
I see that out american cousins are heavily into arc fault calculations. Is this something that will come to the UK and start to feature alot in our own electrical systems ?
If so then where should I be looking at to try and get a head start and look to start prepreation of a plan of attack to cover what we will be required to cover.
Installation comprises of a few generators of about 1500kVA, 2 transformers 2.5MW some UPS gear and an intensive power delivery distribution system.
Rugged
If so then where should I be looking at to try and get a head start and look to start prepreation of a plan of attack to cover what we will be required to cover.
Installation comprises of a few generators of about 1500kVA, 2 transformers 2.5MW some UPS gear and an intensive power delivery distribution system.
Rugged





RE: Arc Fault Calculations
We're drawing to the end of a study for our site. It brought out some interesting results - one or two things where the risk is much lower than we instinctively thought, and one or two where things are significantly worse. The worst results by far were certain boards fed from 2.5MVA 11 / 0.415kV transformers because in our installation these have a short LV cable group to the switchboard resulting in very high fault level and because the protection has a definite-minimum-time element which causes a high energy let-through.
I think it will probably become the norm over here, but at present North America is quite some distance ahead of Europe. We dealt with a company called Teesside Automation Services (TAS) who were a genuinely nice outfit to deal with and were not outrageously expensive. Website is www.tas.co.uk and the guy to talk to is John Easton. The study was done using SKM Powertools to IEEE 1584; the model they built will be useful in future for other tasks such as relay coordination and motor starting as the plant evolves. The NFPA 70E document is worth getting hold of too - there are some UK suppliers who can get it quite quickly.
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Sometimes I only open my mouth to swap feet...
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
Rugged
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
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Sometimes I only open my mouth to swap feet...
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
Rugged
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
That said it is a worthy standard to look into and analyze your system for. There is standard calculation methods based on IEEE 1584 and if the results of the calculations and the PPE from them save a life, what price would you put on that?
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
For you UK guys, we have a web based training program that can fill you in on the requirements. Let me know if you are interested. ScottyUK, your results are typical, the key to the high hazard areas is understanding how to mitigate those hazards.
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
I have some concern that the additional stress of having to work in Cat 4 PPE could have a negative effect on a worker's concentration and might actually contribute to an incident. Do you know if there are any recorded instances where the protective clothing might have been a contributing factor to an incident?
To deal with equipment which has very high arc energy, we're looking at sacrificing protection coordination in order to reduce the available energy, especially reducing the definite-time characteristics which seem to be major contributors to high energy let-through. Where that isn't possible, we'll have to switch it off and work on it dead and isolated.
What does the training program involve?
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Sometimes I only open my mouth to swap feet...
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
NFPA 70E, which is the primary arc-flash safety standard in the US, does provide some leeway in determining PPE based on specific task-based requirements. The heavy flash suits are available with forced-air cooling.
It's a point of discussion and ongoing debate. But I think most of the people active in the electrical safety field think this is usually just another excuse for not doing the right thing.
As far as wearing PPE for 24V dc work, that seems like serious overkill to me. NFPA 70E doesn't worry much about anything less than 50 V. IEEE 1584 says arc-flash calcs are not needed below 230 V, except for very large systems.
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
The point I was making was that in buying an Cat 4 suit is to make sure it is right for the job. If only being used for racking in/out breakers where it can be done is a short period of time, oxygen depletion is not an issue.
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
Scotty, How do you get to dead and isolated? I keep hearing people say that they'll just have to work on certain gear dead if the arc energy is too high; but what is dead? My understanding, as someone who doesn't actually do the physical work, is that dead doesn't really exist, that it needs be treated as energized unless visibly grounded. But before applying grounds there needs to be a check of voltage to verify that the circuit element is not connected to a source. Isn't that verification and the work of applying the grounds hot work?
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
(The safety hazards associated with improperly applied or installed temporary "safety" grounding is a separate issue.)
However a visible disconnecting means and a voltage test is required to verify that the system is de-energized. Appropriate PPE is required for the voltage test and application of grounds (if required). Once the grounds are in place and the voltage test completed, the PPE can come off.
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
While switching or operating ACB's I feel that there is a significant risk being presented and I want to take adequate steps to try and reduce these risks and manage them in a proactive manner.
While racking out an ACB if there is a failure within the transport mechanisim then there is a real risk that there could be an open short circuit in the vicinity of the engineer and this is what I want to try and manage.
These units being connected to around 2.5MW rated transformers by short busduct runs - so the availiable let through is pretty significant.
I have seen the effect of a catastrophic failure and the damage caused was pretty significant - if someone had been close by then there could have been a pretty significant injury.
Rugged
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
There is no requirement under British legislation to earth LV equipment prior to working on it. A isolation only needs to introduce an air gap of a minimum size and which can be made secure by application of a lock or similar. Once that is done the work is classed as 'dead working' even without an earth, which is different practice to the HV rules which require a connection to earth. That said, if I was working on a high energy LV board which had been isolated by taking out its feeder transformer I would insist that the HV breaker was locked out and preferably the HV circuit earth locked in also.
Proving dead is 'hot work' and arguably should be carried out using precautions for 'hot work' at that energy level. I'm interested on opinions whether this task would require full arc flash PPE or not.
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Sometimes I only open my mouth to swap feet...
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
Intepretation in the US is that full PPE is required for voltage test and applying (and I suppose removing) any protective grounds to de-energized equipment even when there is a visible disconnecting means. I have never heard any other interpretation of NFPA 70E or OSHA requirements, although this is often not adhered to in practice.
David,
Yes if the available arc energy exceeds 40 cal/cm2, you're in a Catch-22. As a practical matter, I think a reasonable interpretation would be to wear the 40 cal (or 100 cal) suit and just do it. The other option would be to increase the working distance by using a voltage tester attached to a hotstick. The arc-energy falls off pretty quickly as you increase the working distance. Increasing from 18" to 36" makes a big difference. (Yes, someone still has to open the door, etc...)
A PG&E engineer told me that they have a few old substations in downtown San Fran that they cannot take a clearance on because they don't have a ground set that can withstand the available fault duty.
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
Now you can see where Im coming from, if you are racking this breaker out then there may be a possibility that you have utility power on one set of contacts and the generator source will be present on the other. Energy availiable at this point would be pretty high.
So as a response to this I feel that we need to take adequate protection measures to ensure the safety of the operator during switching operation or racking proceedures on there units. Simply going up and switching without eye protection or hand/arm protection is putting a risk there that can be managed out of the equation.
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
Yes, waering a 40cal suit can increase the chance of an accident occuring, your vision is impared and it is difficult to work in. However, as mentioned above you usually are only wearing it for a few minutes and there are cooling options available on the market.
Our course is a 3-4 hour web based program covering the 2004 NFPA 70E requirements.
Scott Peterson
Training Manager
Power Plus Engineering
www.epowerplus.com
RE: Arc Fault Calculations
Current PPE categories are 0-4. This does not mean that there are no arc faults exceeding energy levels of categories 4. It only means that there are no PPE available to protect against hazard above category 4. In fact hazard beyond Category 4 that are not survivable. Beyond that you cannot perform the work live or there are no PPE designed for that.
Also the PPEs when they work as designed only limit the "Burn" injuries to second-degree burns. Second degrees burn are most painful yet curable. 3rd degree burns leaves permanent deformity and beyond that you are dead.
PPE only protects against burns, they are not designed to protect against shrapnel flying out when a arcing faults results in full blast or sound pressure related injuries.
So anyone thinks that just putting on a PPE makes one entirely safe, he/she can't be mislead any further. Nor does it reduce risk of liabilities; injuries or death due to any other reasons but burns.
Rafiq.