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Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

(OP)
What is the thermal efficiency of an IC engine, strictly as an air pump?  Turbochargers typically have a quoted efficiency of 90%,  modern roots superchargers(Eaton) have a max of about 60%,  a twin screw supercharger(Lysholm, Autorotor) is a little better, at about 70%.

Charles Taylor’s “The Internal Combustion Engine”, states that piston compressors can give excellent efficiency at pressure ratios of  1 to 2. From this I gather that as the compression ratio goes up the thermal efficiency goes down.

What is the efficiency of an IC engine at say the 8 to 1 compression rating typically found in forced induction engines?

Do other factors beside compression ratio affect the thermal efficiency of an IC engine as an air pump?


RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?


Only little things like wasting 2 of every 4 strokes. smile

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?


Oops, forgot to mention the entire valve train.

 

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

fabrico -- good one (valve train)

Milanoguy -- as fabrico says the valve train is a huge energy waster, most (well all that I've seen) use reed valves to govern the flow and actate for intate and compression.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

Milanoguy -

       Where did you find a turbocharger with a quoted efficiency of 90 % ?

    For an automotive size turbocharger, the peak efficiency of the compressor is about 75 %.

    To illustrate, here's a link to a commercially available compressor where the peak efficiency island is  72 % :

http://www.turbocharged.com/catalog/compmaps/fig1.html



RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

Agree with the ~72% turbo PEAK efficiency, and that is only at one exact defined flow and pressure ratio. It will be a good deal less than that everywhere else, as a flow map will quickly show. That is only the adiabatic efficiency of the bare compressor. Frictional power lost in the bearings will lower that efficiency a tad more.

The obvious problem with IC engines used as air pumps is the very low compression ratio. Too much dead volume, and that lowers volumetric efficiency.  If you test with a compression gauge, and it can just manage a reading say 160 psi, then obviously if it was pumping against 160 psi back pressure, flow would fall to zero.  So flow will fall off very rapidly as pumping head increases.

I recall many years ago, a manufacturer was selling a modified VW flat four engine as a mobile commercial air compressor. Two cylinders on one side operated as a normal gasoline engine.  The two cylinders on the other side had special cylinder heads fitted with reed valves, and minimum clearance volume. I believe this made a very effective air compressor.



RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

The real problem here is the initial premise: using an air pump {forced induction) to run another air pump. It's like looking in a mirror with another mirror right behind you. Diminishing returns.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

Diesel piston engines have compression ratios of over 20, which means pressure ratio must be even higher (adiabatic compression). So at least at high pressure ratios piston engines should be very efficient compared to pretty much anything else. The reason is probably due to the excellent sealing performance of a piston engine compared to other compressors.
Also, the Diesel engine with the highest efficiency is still more efficient than the most efficient gas turbine eventhough axial compressors reach effciencies of 90%. If the piston engine had a bad compression efficiency this would hardly be possible.

One drawback of piston compressors is that they are not very compact.
 

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

A little off topic, but I saw an air compressor that was made out of a surplus WWII jeep engine. The engine was reworked with a new head and manifolds so that the inner two cylinders ran on gas and the outer two pumped air. The pumping cylinders were equipped with reed valves and a seperate intake. Certainly not the most efficient but it was compact and cost effective.

The only scary bit was that the lifters of the outer cylinders had to be held in place with hose clamps to prevent all of the lube oil from escaping. I don't know why they didn't include some type of drop in plug - but the farmer swore that was how it was running. :)

Anyways - Happy Holidays.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

That half engine/ half compressor thing has been done commercially with smallblock Fords, too.



Mike Halloran
Pembroke Pines, FL, USA

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

i have also been wandering on whether an IC engine is an efficient pump during the induction stroke. Not to mention about the piston rings that contribute as much as 40% friction of the entire engine.

Anyone has any idea on whether a dedicated pump air used in as an air compressor operates with much higher mechanical efficiency than an IC engine during the induction stroke?

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

In an electric motor operated compressor, or any constant RPM motor. The induction tract could be designed to increase VE at the operating RPM. (Unless that doesnt work with reed valves.)

Is dead space considered part of the exhaust, or intake?

That would definately have to be changed wether diesel or gasoline were converted to an air pump.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

I don't know about the contribution of the piston rings towards total mechanical friction of the piston engine.
However, I know that mechanical friction is small compared to the work required to compress air otherwise there wouldn't such a tremendous difference of effort required between cranking a piston engine with and without spark plug.
Also, since there's an oil film between ring and cylinder 40% is a little steep.
Thereofore, I don't think a piston based air compressor is significantly more efficient than an IC engine as far as compressing air goes. However a piston air compressor can be made lighter (no combustion pressure), it doesn't need to withstand high temperatures and there's no need for active valves. Still, dead space of the IC engine will need to be reduced to 0, if used as an air compressor, otherwise it will harm efficiency.

I believe there is that Scuderi (?) engine concept that uses 2 pistons one for compression and one for expansion, but at least to my mind it has more disadvantages than advantages.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?


There have been commercially available conversions for at least S/B Ford, S/B Chevys, and air cooled Volkswagons for years. Some of this type or larger can be found on big semi-trailer vacuum tanks. The more serious conversions seem to  use reed valves more often than automotive valves on the air pumping cylinders.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

The efficiency of a piston compressor can (within reason) be made as high or as low as anyone would desire to make it.

There are practical reasons why some piston compressors have deliberate design features to limit the mechanical drive power requirement so as not to overload the drive motor.

If the compression ratio is kept deliberately low, that is the ratio of internal volume change at the extremes of piston motion, then the output pressure will be self limiting. As the output back pressure rises, flow will gradually reduce.  That may sound very undesirable, until you have to spec a motor to drive the thing.

Which is better, a fairly flat drive horsepower curve with rising output pressure, or a very steeply rising power requirement with increasing output pressure?  How easily is it able to start up against full applied back pressure?

Another way to limit drive power is with deliberate reduction of intake valve flow area. Very approximately mechanical drive power will be flow x back pressure. So if you can place some deliberately imposed limit on flow, once again the drive power requirement can be somewhat controlled.  This feature can be very handy to keep the drive horsepower within an acceptable range if the operating Rpm is highly variable.

Which is better, an acceptably constant flow and drive torque over a wide operating Rpm range, or a steeply rising  output flow and drive power requirement with operating Rpm ?

Now suppose you were given the task of designing a piston air conditioning compressor for a vehicle. It had to operate over at least a 10:1 Rpm speed range, and a vastly wide range of operating pressure.

You might be tempted to run a fairly large displacement compressor to get good performance at engine idle, and use the low compression ratio, and small valves trick to deliberately flatten the drive power requirement and even out the flow characteristics.  This is in fact done to perfection.

In one respect these compressors are a hopelessly inefficient design. But they are designed to provide efficient cooling over a wide range of operating conditions, not be super efficient within themselves.

Likewise, commercial air compressors are usually designed to offer excellent and safe performance with a given drive motor. If you "hotted one up" by increasing the compression ratio, and porting the cylinder head (don't laugh!) would it be a better compressor if it then sometimes grossly overloaded the drive motor at certain times?

When I was a poverty stricken student, I used a belt driven twin piston refrigeration compressor as an air compressor at home. To start with I just could not get it to sufficiently load the drive motor, no matter how I changed the pulley drive ratio!

So I went to work on the cylinder head, and "hotted it up" a bit at a time. I still use that compressor, and it now loads the 7.5Hp electric motor beautifully.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

milanoguy,
Were you talking thermodynamic or volumetric efficiency.  PD piston compressors like a car engine could run as high as 82% thermodynamic efficiency at low compression ratios say under 3:1.  Volumetric effiency is a function of clearance, RPM, and compression ratio.  I've seen combinations of those that result in volumetric efficiecies from 80% to 30%.
Vacuum trucks use V8 engines as compressors.  GasJac markets Ford engines where one bank in an engine and the other a natural gas compressor.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

another sad thing about using an IC engine to induct air into the cylinder is the fact that there is so much restriction from air filter, throttle, valve and intake port. Not to mention that the maximum air induction happens only when the piston is at its peak speed (somewhere in the middle of the stroke).

I remember a long time ago when i was a kid, we opened up a bicycle pump and if my memory is good, I thought i saw an elastic rubber or leather that will efficiently seal the cylinder during induction and compression. I have a feeling that it has higher efficiency than IC engine acting as a mechanical pump.

I also know that centrifugal pump or regular fan can blow air with much better efficiency, provided that we dont need such a high pressure buildup.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?


In my previous post I meant to say disc valves not reed valves.

The better conversions do not retain the original cylinder head(s). The air cooled VW based compressor, which is still around, also has one side powering and the other side pumping.

Warps point reminded me of the restrictor plate stock car engines. Before the limits they were running 17:1 C/R with the thin air.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

(OP)
Hi Dicasto

Thank you for  being the first poster to answer the question I posted back in June. Yes I was talking about termal efficiency. What is your source for a PD(postive Displacement) piston type compressor having a thermal efficiency of 82% at compression ratio’s below 3 to 1?
 
What would the thermal efficiency be at a compression ratio of 8 to 1?

Can you link to a website or a white paper which discusses these matters?

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

I think of VE as how "full" the cylinder gets.
Plenty of normally aspirated race engines achieve VE over 100%.  I don't think its the compression ratio that gets them there, or else every diesel would have VE > 100%.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

The recip piston compressor is probably the most efficient type of compressor at lower flow rates (<5000 cfm) and higher pressure ratios (>2:1), thus its widespread use for air compressors.  This is due to its high internal single-stage compression capability and its low leakage.  At higher flow rates, they become too bulky and other type of compressors such as positive displacement rotary (screw types) or dynamic devices (centrifugal or axial) prevail.  

Recip piston compressors can easily exceed 85% efficiency throughout their operating range.  No other type of compressor can match that.  As mentioned though, they are bulky and relatively expensive.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

TMoose. I agree.  

I am puzzled by the attitude in this thread that reed valves are somehow desirable.  Reed valves are just like having a throttle plate that never gets over 1/4 open. It has been pointed out that it takes power to open a valve. With roller tappets you get most of that back. AND with the valve open, it's OPEN. It takes power to suck intake through a reed valve, too, and to push the discharge gas through the outlet reed valve.

It is possible to have a geometric compression ratio of 15:1, but if the Volumetric efficiency is only 33%, then the net compression ratio is really only 5:1.   

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

JimCasey- Then why do most if not all recip compressors use Reed Valves?

(especially those used for compression of refrigerant in highly efficient airconditioning and heat pump applications)

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

Let's see. Typically a normal car sized engine takes sevral hp to drive the camshaft. The cylinder head valving arrangements, including FEAD, are (WAG) 1/3 of the cost of the engine. Reed valves let air in when it wants to get in, and out when it wants to get out, as such you don't have to worry about back pressure etc.

efficiency may not be a concern.

Cheers

Greg Locock

Please see FAQ731-376 for tips on how to make the best use of Eng-Tips.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

The equations for HP per unit of gas moved are listed in several text.  The function (from my old thermal class) is ratio ^ 1/cp-cv or something like that.  Having gotten over all the functions, slide rules, charts, (see also GPSA data book for all this) I now use the ariel compressor program from www.arielcorp.com.  I run my thermal similation program with an 80% effiency, then run the ariel program to get exact power requirements and then adjust the thermal effiency in the silulator till I get the same energy.  After several thound runs I can guess the efirncy fairly well now.

RE: Efficency of an IC engine as an air pump?

I apologise if my responce is to much jargon.  

The Horsepower per million standard cubic feet per day of air is :
BHPM=.99*[{50.8*((ratio^.288)-1)*(ratio-.715)}/(.288*(ratio-.793))]
For 14 psia in and 42 psia out or ratio=3, the answer is 66.6 BHPM
For a 100% efficient compressor, the BHPM would be 57.5 so for air at 3 ratios the efficiency is 57.5/66.6 = 86.3% subtract some mechanical losses of about 5% and you get a net 81.3%.

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